Quiz 2 Flashcards
Inflammation
migration of WBC
Name a few causes of cellular injury
irreversible injury to a cell leads to
chemical factors, ischemia, physical factors, genetic factors, immune reactions, nutritional factors
necrosis or apoptosis (cell death)
For resistance levels to stress the lower you start on the scale or graph of stress the faster you’ll
As the stages progress from alarm to resistance to exhaustion the body will
exhaust
typically the body will maintain resistance at higher levels each session
Cells can be forced out of homeostasis by
If a cell has an inability to adapt it will lead to
stress or injury
cellular injury
TNF
tumor necrosis factor
Cellular sources of TNF
Mediators of TNF production
TNF target genes and proteins
macrophages, B lymph, T lymph, fibroblasts, tumor cells
- infection: viral, fungal, bacterial
- inflammation: immune complexes, IL-2, IL-1
enzymes, apoptosis, cytokines
Viruses impact cells directly by …
disrupting cell processes or altering cell integrity
Types of cell injury
When cells get attacked they start to ….
normal, reversible, or irreversible
look different (whether irreversible or not)
Types of reversible cell injury
and their causes (5)
- atrophy: caused by lack of use or stress
- hypertrophy: high BP
- hyperplasia: imbalance of estrogen and progesterone
- metaplasia: smoking
- inter/intracellular cellular accumulation
Types of irreversible cellular injury
- apoptosis
- necrosis
- gangrene
Apoptosis Vs Necrosis
Cell size, plasma membrane, adjacent inflammation
A: reduced cell size, plasma membrane is intact with altered structure, no adjacent inflammation
N: enlarged swelling of cell, plasma membrane is disrupted, frequent adjacent inflammation
Types of necrosis
coagulation, caseous, liquefactive, fatty, fibronoid
Granulation tissue is expected in
healing (new connective tissue)
Granuloma
tiny cluster of WBC and other tissues
Types of exudates
hemorrhagic (bright red or bloody) and serosanguineous (yellow or pink)
Mass signals that the body responds to
cytokines, hormones
Cytokines
broad category of small proteins important in cell signaling
Ogin
precursor
Process of forming a blood clot
fibrin
fibrinogen
blood coagulation
protein that causes clotting
liver produced protein that is a major component of a clot
Involved in major protein production of the body
liver
The 2 types of clots
embolys: formed from circulation
thrombis: formed for purpose
Lysis
breakdown
3 types of collagen
- other
- fast
- long standing
Collagen function
helps tissues be strong and resilient and have the ability to withstand stretch
Elastin function
allow tissues in the body to stretch out and shrink back
Conditions that may affect healing
Factors that may influence healing
coronary artery disease, COPD
growth factors, tobacco use, nutrition, general health, presence of comorbidities (cancer)
The phases of normal wound healing after injury in order
homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling (maturation)
ECM
extracellular matrix
Keloids
This is most common in which race, gender, and age
excess collagen accumulation and the fibrous scar is raised
African>Asian>White
Men>Woman
Old>Young
Repair vs regeneration
Rg: restitution of tissue components
Rp: patching rather than restoring
Skeletal muscle has a good capacity to heal but
connective tissue impedes function and there is a rapid loss of function
Tendons and ligaments heal quickly by
homeostasis, inflammation, and promotion of ECM
Disc degeneration is caused by
Injury is most common in the
nucleus losing the ability to absorb water, becoming dehydrated, and then changes occur in the collagen/ECM
AM
The _______ system is important in acute?early phase of the inflammatory system
complement
Cells of the immune system
T cells, B lymph, T helper cells, Macrophages, Dendritic, NK, Neutrophils, Mast,
Opsonization
an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
Anything that does not belong
antigen
During an immune response what does the spleen do
What do the lymphatic vessels do
filters blood/removes RBC/activates lymphocytes
collect lymph, returns to circulation
Where are lymphocytes containes
lymph nodes/ appendix
Lymph
clear to white fluid made of WBC (lymphocytes) - the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissue
How much Buffy coat should be in blood?
More than regular buffy coat indicates
<1% (leukocytes and platelets)
infection
During exercise your plasma volume shrinks by what % in the cold months
10%
RBC aka
function
erythrocytes
carry oxygen from lungs and deliver throughout body
WBC aka
function
leukocytes
help body fight infection and disease
platelets aka
function
thrombocytes
creating blood clot, prevent and stop bleeding
Neutrophils are …..
What do they do when they cannot kill off something
WBCs that constitute a defense against foreign substances (usually bacterial infections) - they are the largest in number (2500-8000)
surround it
Lymphocytes respond to ..
Monocytes clean up ..
Eosinophils ..
Basophils release histamines during an ..
-viral infection
-debris after neutrophils have done their job
-play a role in asthma and allergy
-allergic reaction
Where are neutrophils and eosinophils and monocytes found
Where are basophils found
Where are mast cells found
Where are dendritic cells found
bone marrow
bloodstream
connective tissue
Gl, lungs
Monocyte vs. Macrophage
Mo: there are not a-lot circulating, they need signals, they produce in lymph tissue
Ma: occur when monocytes are fully formed and ready to go with a purpose and they are dedicated to the process until they die
(Monocytes become Macrophages)
B cells create
T cells are found largely in the
antibodies
thymus
T helper (CD4+) cells activate
T cytotoxic (CD8+) cell release
B and T cells
cytokines
Natural killer NK cells function
kills cells infected with viruses, tumors etc.
Antibodies belong to a group of proteins called
function
Immunoglobulins
directly attack antigens, activate complement system, release histamine in tissue and blood,
Natural vs Artificial - Acquired Immunity
ACTIVE
N: natural contact and infection with antigen
A: inoculation of antigen (vaccination)
PASSIVE
N: natural contact - through mother or breast milk
A: inoculation of antigen
Examples of epithelial barriers that break down bacteria
ear wax, mucos
MAC (membrane attack complex) creates
a wedge to tear apart membrance during attack
Exterior defenses of immune system
mucosa, nasal hair, skin
In the immune system during exercise/physical activity, (low-moderate) which cells increase in number and activity
NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, antibodies
In the immune system during exercise/physical activity, (high intensity/duration) which cells increase or decrease in number and activity
increase in lymphocytes, increase decrease or no change in NK cells, increase decrease or no change in neutrophils, more pro inflammatory response lasting up to 72 hrs
Factors that affect immunity
Factors that increase exposure to pathogens
aging, sex/hormonal influences, trauma, sleep disturbances, medications, stress, surgery
urinary catheters, chest tubes, endotracheal tubes, external fixation devices
(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders)
mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 1: IgE mediated reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders
-immediate
-IgE
-Mast cells
-No
-seasonal allergic rhinitis
(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders)
mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 2 Tissue specific reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders
-immediate
-IgG, IgM
-macrophages in tissues
-frequently
-autoimmune thrombocytopenic pupura, graves disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia
(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders)
mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 3 Immune complex-mediated reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders
-immediate
-IgM, IgG
-neutrophils
-yes
-systematic lupus erythematosus
(Disorders of the immune system - hypersensitivity disorders)
mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 4 cell mediated reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders
-delayed
-none
-lymphocytes, macrophages
-no
contact sensitivity to poison ivy and metals (jewelry)
Specialized cells that release histamine
Mast cells
What happens when mast cells release histamine
degranulation, which initiates mucus production, redness inflammation and other allergic reactions
What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity reactions
What does this activate
An abnormal immune response that is mediated by the formation of antigen- antibody aggregates called immune complex
neutrophils and complement system
Symptoms of systematic lupus erythematosus
red patches on skin
severe abdominal pain
hair loss
pain in muscles and joints
mouth and nose ulcers
What does type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed type HS) provoke
inflammatory response including complement system which leads to edema and dermatitis of the skin
Example of T cell mediated disease
Examples of organ specific autoimmune diseases
Types of systematic diseases
- MS
- DM
- crohns disease
- graves disease
- MS
- Myasthenia gravis
Example of primary genetic immunodeficiency disease
Example of secondary
How many people pass from AIDS each year?
DiGeorge syndrome
AIDS
18k
-What increases in asymptomatic HIV
-How long does this phase last
symptoms
-What increases in symptomatic HIV
-What symptoms are included
-CD4+ >500 cells/mm^3
-1-20 years
-fatigue, lymphadenopathy
-CD4+ 200-500 cells/mm^3
-diarrhea, weight loss, neurologic
What are the neurologic symptoms of Advanced HIV (AIDS- Aquired Immunodeficiency Disease)
Musculoskeletal symptoms?
Others?
-pain and peripheral neuropathies (distal sensory), impaired sensation, weakness
-osteoporosis, muscle wasting
-rheumatoid, lymphomas
Medical management for HIV/AIDS
risk of transmission is __ from client to patient
physical activity/exercise, highly active antiretroviral therapy, vaccines
low
-Symptom of chronic fatigue syndrome
-most common in which race
-associated with _____ infections
-includes which WBC
-unexplained fatigue for longer than -six months
-white
-viral
-T lymph, NK cells
