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Pathology > Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Inflammation

A

migration of WBC

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2
Q

Name a few causes of cellular injury

irreversible injury to a cell leads to

A

chemical factors, ischemia, physical factors, genetic factors, immune reactions, nutritional factors

necrosis or apoptosis (cell death)

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3
Q

For resistance levels to stress the lower you start on the scale or graph of stress the faster you’ll

As the stages progress from alarm to resistance to exhaustion the body will

A

exhaust

typically the body will maintain resistance at higher levels each session

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4
Q

Cells can be forced out of homeostasis by

If a cell has an inability to adapt it will lead to

A

stress or injury

cellular injury

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5
Q

TNF

A

tumor necrosis factor

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6
Q

Cellular sources of TNF

Mediators of TNF production

TNF target genes and proteins

A

macrophages, B lymph, T lymph, fibroblasts, tumor cells

  • infection: viral, fungal, bacterial
  • inflammation: immune complexes, IL-2, IL-1

enzymes, apoptosis, cytokines

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7
Q

Viruses impact cells directly by …

A

disrupting cell processes or altering cell integrity

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8
Q

Types of cell injury

When cells get attacked they start to ….

A

normal, reversible, or irreversible

look different (whether irreversible or not)

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9
Q

Types of reversible cell injury
and their causes (5)

A
  • atrophy: caused by lack of use or stress
  • hypertrophy: high BP
  • hyperplasia: imbalance of estrogen and progesterone
  • metaplasia: smoking
  • inter/intracellular cellular accumulation
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10
Q

Types of irreversible cellular injury

A
  • apoptosis
  • necrosis
  • gangrene
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11
Q

Apoptosis Vs Necrosis

Cell size, plasma membrane, adjacent inflammation

A

A: reduced cell size, plasma membrane is intact with altered structure, no adjacent inflammation
N: enlarged swelling of cell, plasma membrane is disrupted, frequent adjacent inflammation

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12
Q

Types of necrosis

A

coagulation, caseous, liquefactive, fatty, fibronoid

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13
Q

Granulation tissue is expected in

A

healing (new connective tissue)

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14
Q

Granuloma

A

tiny cluster of WBC and other tissues

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15
Q

Types of exudates

A

hemorrhagic (bright red or bloody) and serosanguineous (yellow or pink)

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16
Q

Mass signals that the body responds to

A

cytokines, hormones

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17
Q

Cytokines

A

broad category of small proteins important in cell signaling

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18
Q

Ogin

A

precursor

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19
Q

Process of forming a blood clot

fibrin

fibrinogen

A

blood coagulation

protein that causes clotting

liver produced protein that is a major component of a clot

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20
Q

Involved in major protein production of the body

A

liver

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21
Q

The 2 types of clots

A

embolys: formed from circulation
thrombis: formed for purpose

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22
Q

Lysis

A

breakdown

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23
Q

3 types of collagen

A
  • other
  • fast
  • long standing
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24
Q

Collagen function

A

helps tissues be strong and resilient and have the ability to withstand stretch

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25
Q

Elastin function

A

allow tissues in the body to stretch out and shrink back

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26
Q

Conditions that may affect healing

Factors that may influence healing

A

coronary artery disease, COPD

growth factors, tobacco use, nutrition, general health, presence of comorbidities (cancer)

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27
Q

The phases of normal wound healing after injury in order

A

homeostasis, inflammation, proliferation, remodeling (maturation)

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28
Q

ECM

A

extracellular matrix

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29
Q

Keloids

This is most common in which race, gender, and age

A

excess collagen accumulation and the fibrous scar is raised

African>Asian>White
Men>Woman
Old>Young

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30
Q

Repair vs regeneration

A

Rg: restitution of tissue components
Rp: patching rather than restoring

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31
Q

Skeletal muscle has a good capacity to heal but

A

connective tissue impedes function and there is a rapid loss of function

32
Q

Tendons and ligaments heal quickly by

A

homeostasis, inflammation, and promotion of ECM

33
Q

Disc degeneration is caused by

Injury is most common in the

A

nucleus losing the ability to absorb water, becoming dehydrated, and then changes occur in the collagen/ECM

AM

34
Q

The _______ system is important in acute?early phase of the inflammatory system

A

complement

35
Q

Cells of the immune system

A

T cells, B lymph, T helper cells, Macrophages, Dendritic, NK, Neutrophils, Mast,

36
Q

Opsonization

A

an immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes

37
Q

Anything that does not belong

A

antigen

38
Q

During an immune response what does the spleen do

What do the lymphatic vessels do

A

filters blood/removes RBC/activates lymphocytes

collect lymph, returns to circulation

39
Q

Where are lymphocytes containes

A

lymph nodes/ appendix

40
Q

Lymph

A

clear to white fluid made of WBC (lymphocytes) - the cells that attack bacteria in the blood and body tissue

41
Q

How much Buffy coat should be in blood?

More than regular buffy coat indicates

A

<1% (leukocytes and platelets)

infection

42
Q

During exercise your plasma volume shrinks by what % in the cold months

A

10%

43
Q

RBC aka

function

A

erythrocytes

carry oxygen from lungs and deliver throughout body

44
Q

WBC aka

function

A

leukocytes

help body fight infection and disease

45
Q

platelets aka

function

A

thrombocytes

creating blood clot, prevent and stop bleeding

46
Q

Neutrophils are …..

What do they do when they cannot kill off something

A

WBCs that constitute a defense against foreign substances (usually bacterial infections) - they are the largest in number (2500-8000)

surround it

47
Q

Lymphocytes respond to ..
Monocytes clean up ..
Eosinophils ..
Basophils release histamines during an ..

A

-viral infection
-debris after neutrophils have done their job
-play a role in asthma and allergy
-allergic reaction

48
Q

Where are neutrophils and eosinophils and monocytes found

Where are basophils found

Where are mast cells found

Where are dendritic cells found

A

bone marrow

bloodstream

connective tissue

Gl, lungs

49
Q

Monocyte vs. Macrophage

A

Mo: there are not a-lot circulating, they need signals, they produce in lymph tissue
Ma: occur when monocytes are fully formed and ready to go with a purpose and they are dedicated to the process until they die

(Monocytes become Macrophages)

50
Q

B cells create

T cells are found largely in the

A

antibodies

thymus

51
Q

T helper (CD4+) cells activate
T cytotoxic (CD8+) cell release

A

B and T cells
cytokines

52
Q

Natural killer NK cells function

A

kills cells infected with viruses, tumors etc.

53
Q

Antibodies belong to a group of proteins called

function

A

Immunoglobulins

directly attack antigens, activate complement system, release histamine in tissue and blood,

54
Q

Natural vs Artificial - Acquired Immunity

A

ACTIVE
N: natural contact and infection with antigen
A: inoculation of antigen (vaccination)
PASSIVE
N: natural contact - through mother or breast milk
A: inoculation of antigen

54
Q

Examples of epithelial barriers that break down bacteria

A

ear wax, mucos

55
Q

MAC (membrane attack complex) creates

A

a wedge to tear apart membrance during attack

56
Q

Exterior defenses of immune system

A

mucosa, nasal hair, skin

57
Q

In the immune system during exercise/physical activity, (low-moderate) which cells increase in number and activity

A

NK cells, macrophages, neutrophils, antibodies

58
Q

In the immune system during exercise/physical activity, (high intensity/duration) which cells increase or decrease in number and activity

A

increase in lymphocytes, increase decrease or no change in NK cells, increase decrease or no change in neutrophils, more pro inflammatory response lasting up to 72 hrs

59
Q

Factors that affect immunity

Factors that increase exposure to pathogens

A

aging, sex/hormonal influences, trauma, sleep disturbances, medications, stress, surgery

urinary catheters, chest tubes, endotracheal tubes, external fixation devices

60
Q

(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders)

mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 1: IgE mediated reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders

A

-immediate
-IgE
-Mast cells
-No
-seasonal allergic rhinitis

61
Q

(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders)

mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 2 Tissue specific reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders

A

-immediate
-IgG, IgM
-macrophages in tissues
-frequently
-autoimmune thrombocytopenic pupura, graves disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia

62
Q

(Disorders of the immune system-hypersensitivity disorders)

mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 3 Immune complex-mediated reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders

A

-immediate
-IgM, IgG
-neutrophils
-yes
-systematic lupus erythematosus

62
Q

(Disorders of the immune system - hypersensitivity disorders)

mechanisms of tissue destruction (TYPE 4 cell mediated reaction)
- rate of development
-class of antibody involve
-principal effect or cells involved
-complement participation
-examples of disorders

A

-delayed
-none
-lymphocytes, macrophages
-no
contact sensitivity to poison ivy and metals (jewelry)

63
Q

Specialized cells that release histamine

A

Mast cells

64
Q

What happens when mast cells release histamine

A

degranulation, which initiates mucus production, redness inflammation and other allergic reactions

65
Q

What happens in type 3 hypersensitivity reactions

What does this activate

A

An abnormal immune response that is mediated by the formation of antigen- antibody aggregates called immune complex

neutrophils and complement system

65
Q

Symptoms of systematic lupus erythematosus

A

red patches on skin
severe abdominal pain
hair loss
pain in muscles and joints
mouth and nose ulcers

66
Q

What does type 4 hypersensitivity (delayed type HS) provoke

A

inflammatory response including complement system which leads to edema and dermatitis of the skin

67
Q

Example of T cell mediated disease

Examples of organ specific autoimmune diseases

Types of systematic diseases

A
  • MS
  • DM
  • crohns disease
  • graves disease
  • MS
  • Myasthenia gravis
68
Q

Example of primary genetic immunodeficiency disease

Example of secondary

How many people pass from AIDS each year?

A

DiGeorge syndrome

AIDS

18k

69
Q

-What increases in asymptomatic HIV
-How long does this phase last
symptoms
-What increases in symptomatic HIV
-What symptoms are included

A

-CD4+ >500 cells/mm^3
-1-20 years
-fatigue, lymphadenopathy
-CD4+ 200-500 cells/mm^3
-diarrhea, weight loss, neurologic

70
Q

What are the neurologic symptoms of Advanced HIV (AIDS- Aquired Immunodeficiency Disease)

Musculoskeletal symptoms?

Others?

A

-pain and peripheral neuropathies (distal sensory), impaired sensation, weakness
-osteoporosis, muscle wasting
-rheumatoid, lymphomas

71
Q

Medical management for HIV/AIDS

risk of transmission is __ from client to patient

A

physical activity/exercise, highly active antiretroviral therapy, vaccines

low

72
Q

-Symptom of chronic fatigue syndrome
-most common in which race
-associated with _____ infections
-includes which WBC

A

-unexplained fatigue for longer than -six months
-white
-viral
-T lymph, NK cells

Pathology (13 decks)

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