Oncology Flashcards
The leading form of cancer that causes death
lung and bronchus
Cell terms
- Differentiate
- Atrophy
- growth and development (cells turn into differentiated cells with functions)
- decrease in cell components (size) / proteins
Cell terms
- Dysplasia
- Metaplasia
- disorganization (abnormal cells present)
- early dysplasia (changing of cell type)
Cell terms
- Hyperplasia
- Hypertrophy
- increase in the number of cells
- increase in the cell component (size)/ proteins
Benign tumor
Malignant tumor
- not impeding fx and are not spreading or invading, but overgrowths may spread to other tissues and interfere with fx
- spread and impedes fx
-A primary tumor is where it ______, a secondary tumor is ….
-primary tumor aka
-secondary aka
-started,
when primary tumor grows and settles into another part of the body
-exisiting cell
-metastasized cells
Carcinoma In Situ
the cells are typically ___? and can _____?
Condition with localized pre malignant cells that have not spread to nearby tissue (precancerous cells in a limited area)
dysplastic (abnormal)
metastasize (spread to other sites of the body)
Grading of tumors
Rule?
Gleason’s pattern?
As the numbers go up, differentiation is always getting worse
Start is small well differentiated uniform glands, ends with poorly differentiated anaplastic glands
Adenoma vs Adenocarcinomas
Tumors found in glandular cells that are not cancerous
Tumors found in glandular cells that ARE cancerous
For prostate cancer
___% are adenocarcinoma
___% are carcinomas
70, 28
Stage 0 cancer
carcinoma in situ (premalignant)
TNM Staging
tumor , lymph node, metastasis
Stages 1-4 of cancer
- early stage, cancer localized in primary organ
- increase risk of regional spread bc of tumor size or grade
- local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
- cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
Risks of cancer
hereditary, age, lifestyle
Risk factors of pancreatic cancer
prevention
obesity, smoking
stop smoking, exercise
Cancer metastasis
common places
The spread of cancer cells from the place where they first formed to another part of the body
blood, tissue-tissue, lymphatic
Ways that cancer cells can be different
- they are outcasts
- DNA mutation, chromosome broken
- wont stop growing, then spread and impedes fx
- hides from immune system
- demands more
Breast cancer subtypes
___ % carcinomas
___ % adenocarcinomas
10% carcinomas
90% adenocarcinomas
Intrinsic subtype of breast cancer
Surrogate intrinsic subtype
gene/ gene clusters that are cellularly distinct
genes + histological / functional features
Breast cancer distant metastases
bone, liver, brain, lung, distant lymph-node
True or false
risk factor equals = causation
what is a carcinogen
examples?
False
a substance that may increase your risk of developing cancer
chemicals/pollutants
radiation
infections agents (HPV vaccine)
hormones (estrogen)
genetics
Risk vs Cause
R: something that is associated with a certain outcome (a contributing factor)
C: directly responsible for a certain outcome
Metastases CAN metastasize bc…
metastases develop well enough that secondary metastases then spread to other areas
Carcinoma of unknown primary meaning
A rare disease in which malignant cancer cells are found in the body but the place the cancer began is unknown
Are ALL cancer cells always the same in a single cell?
NO
For breast cancer
__% carcinomas
__% adenocarcinomas
10
90
Clinical complications of metastases
Dyspnea, abdominal pain, lymphedema, anorexia, cachexia
Almost all cancers are associated with
anorexia (not taking in enough calories)
Paraneoplastic syndromes
most common (3)
overall there is ____
imaging technique that is cancer causing (high radiation)
group of rare disorders that occur when the immune system has a reaction to a cancerous tumor known as a neoplasm
anemias
hypercalcemia (PTH - estrogen)
hypercoagulability
pain (nerve compression)
CT
Medical management of cancer
hormonal, gene-therapy, tumor-ectomy
