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Pathology > Renal & Urologic System > Flashcards

Renal & Urologic System Flashcards

1
Q

Most common signs of urinary tracts problems (3)

A

dysuria
urinary incontinence
pelvic pain

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2
Q

Which gland increases reabsorption of calcium

What calms down calcium

A

parathyroid

calcitonin

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2
Q

Functions of EPO from the kidney

A

wound healing and bone remodeling (increase in osteoblasts)

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3
Q

95% of erythropoietin comes from the

What does EPO do

When ____ increase secretion of EPO what happens

When EPO is low what happens (2)

RBC life span

A

Kidneys

stimulates RBC production

Kidneys
increased EPO stimulates production of RBCs

low oxygen carrying capacity of blood and decreased tissue oxygenation

around 3 months

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4
Q

The liver produces

The kidneys produce

In order to produce angiotensin 1 what must happen

___ produced by the lungs converts angiotensin 1 to ________ _ in the ______

What triggers the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone

A

angiotensinogen

renin

Renin breaks down angiotensinogen

ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin 2
kidneys

angiotensin 2

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5
Q

What does angiotensin 2 cause (3)

A

arteriolar vasoconstriction and thirst which then increases fluid intake

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6
Q

Where is calcidiol converted to calcitriol

Where is calcidiol produced

Calcitriol is a hormonally-active, synthetic vitamin D analog prescribed to (3)

A

Kidneys

liver

increase osteoblast activity and increase calcium and phosphate absorption, decrease osteoclast activity

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7
Q

Kidney functions

the 2 ways the kidney regulate _______

A

create new glucose (gluconeogenesis)
regulate glucose

urine (glucosuria) and gluconeogenesis

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8
Q

What can SGLT2 inhibitor induced glucosuria cause

A

UTI

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9
Q

The kidney converts vitamin D to the ACTIVE form which is

a dietary supplement that is used to treat vitamin D deficiency

A

calcitriol

Cholecalciferol

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10
Q

The 3 mechanisms of acid base balance function of the kidneys

A

1) the cells reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-) FROM THE urine back to the blood, secrete hydrogen (H+) ion INTO the urine - exchange balances bloodstream pH
2) formation of new bicarbonate (HCO3-)
3) ammonia and phosphate buffers used to secrete H+

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11
Q

Upper urinary tract(2)
Lower urinary tract (2)

most common bacterial cause of UTI

A

Kidney, ureter
Bladder (cystitis) , urethra (urethritis)

E. Coli (UPEC)

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12
Q

pyuria due to WBC
dysuria

medical mngmt of UTI
advanced UTI can lead to

A

puss in your pee
pain/burning of urethra during urination
antibiotics
chronic kidney disease

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13
Q

Calculi means
lithiasis means
most common type of renal calculi

A

-stones
-the presence of stones that can originate in any part of the urinary tract
-calcium (70%)

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14
Q

Causes of kidney stones
diagnosis
symptoms
clinical complications

A

infection, pH changes
urinalysis
backache, vomiting, fever
HTN, Stroke

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15
Q

Rebound infection

A

a recurrence of signs or symptoms of infection

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16
Q

How many nephrons are in each kidney
What is the renal blood flow per minute
___ % of cardiac output …….

A

1mil
1-1.25 L through renal artery (at rest)
20-25, circulates through the kidneys

17
Q

2 components of renal corpuscle

A

bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

18
Q

The 6 parts of the nephron

purpose of nephron

A

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct

produces urine, removes waste from blood

19
Q

Afferent vs efferent arterioles

A

A: deliver blood to the glomerulus
E: carry blood away from the glomerulus

20
Q

Renal Plasma Flow

A

RBF 1-1.25 x plasma 55% = 550/600ml/min

21
Q

ECM that lies between the endothelium and podocyte foot processes

filtration path

recurrent infection causes scaring of the

A

glomerular basement membrane

endothelial glomerular capilaries - GBM - podocyte

GBM

22
Q

Medical causes of chronic kidney disease
med man of ESRF

A

Corticosteroid and NSAID use
dialysis

23
Q

NephrOTIC syndrome causes lots of ______ loss
___ pee
causes Elevated protein in the urine
causes Elevated blood in urine

A

protein
foamy or orange
proteinuria/albuminuria
hematuria

24
Q

NephrITIC Syndrome
loss?
color of pee

A

orange or red
protein loss but not as much as nephrOTIC

25
Q

Good glomerular filtration rate (24hr urine)
significant reduction in GFR leads to

A

greater than 90
renal failure

26
Q

Purpose of storage center
Purpose of micturition center

A

overrides micturition reflex
promotes micturition reflex

27
Q

Process where urine is expelled from the body
internal sphincter
external sphincter

A

micturition
smooth muscle that makes sure the anal canal is closed at rest
skeletal muscle that provides voluntary control of defecation

28
Q

What happens during the spinal cord s2-s3 micturition reflex

What part of the brain relays messages between the brain and the bladder

A

Parasympathetic stimulated contracts detrusor - relaxing internal sphincter
Motor neuron inhibited - relaxing external sphincter

PONS

28
Q

Leakage of urine
Types? (4)

A

Urinary incontinence
Stress (increase in abdominal pressure)
Urge (overactivity of detrusor)
Functional (toilet difficulty - because of physical disability)
Overflow (neurogenic - leakage of small amounts due to overfilled bladder)

29
Q

Medications that contribute to urinary infection or make it worse

A

alcohol
caffeine
diuretics

30
Q

Medical management of urinary incontinence
clinical complications

A

bladder training
artificial sphincter
alpha blockers

sexual dysfunction
UTI

31
Q

The primary source of testosterone or androgens in males

A

leydig cells

32
Q

Male hypogonadism
clinical complications

A

deficiency in testosterone
DM, sleep disturbances

33
Q

Hormones that produce testosterone

A

FSH and LH

34
Q

The production of seminal fluid/plasma occurs

A

seminal vescicles and prostate gland

35
Q

Sperm - vas deferense
+ seminal plasma - seminal vesicles =

A

ejaculatory duct

36
Q

Sperm is transported through the
What produces the majority of seminal plasma

A

Vas deferens
seminal vesicles

37
Q

Prostatitis

A

disorder of prostate gland usually associated with inflammation

38
Q

Chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome usually are

clinical complications

A

idiopathic / some neuropathic

UTI, BPH, irritable bowel syndrome

39
Q

3 barriers of dumping fluid into bowman’s capsule

A

1 GBM
2 ECM- capillary
3 podocyte

Pathology (13 decks)

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