Renal & Urologic System Flashcards
Most common signs of urinary tracts problems (3)
dysuria
urinary incontinence
pelvic pain
Which gland increases reabsorption of calcium
What calms down calcium
parathyroid
calcitonin
Functions of EPO from the kidney
wound healing and bone remodeling (increase in osteoblasts)
95% of erythropoietin comes from the
What does EPO do
When ____ increase secretion of EPO what happens
When EPO is low what happens (2)
RBC life span
Kidneys
stimulates RBC production
Kidneys
increased EPO stimulates production of RBCs
low oxygen carrying capacity of blood and decreased tissue oxygenation
around 3 months
The liver produces
The kidneys produce
In order to produce angiotensin 1 what must happen
___ produced by the lungs converts angiotensin 1 to ________ _ in the ______
What triggers the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone
angiotensinogen
renin
Renin breaks down angiotensinogen
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme
angiotensin 2
kidneys
angiotensin 2
What does angiotensin 2 cause (3)
arteriolar vasoconstriction and thirst which then increases fluid intake
Where is calcidiol converted to calcitriol
Where is calcidiol produced
Calcitriol is a hormonally-active, synthetic vitamin D analog prescribed to (3)
Kidneys
liver
increase osteoblast activity and increase calcium and phosphate absorption, decrease osteoclast activity
Kidney functions
the 2 ways the kidney regulate _______
create new glucose (gluconeogenesis)
regulate glucose
urine (glucosuria) and gluconeogenesis
What can SGLT2 inhibitor induced glucosuria cause
UTI
The kidney converts vitamin D to the ACTIVE form which is
a dietary supplement that is used to treat vitamin D deficiency
calcitriol
Cholecalciferol
The 3 mechanisms of acid base balance function of the kidneys
1) the cells reabsorb bicarbonate (HCO3-) FROM THE urine back to the blood, secrete hydrogen (H+) ion INTO the urine - exchange balances bloodstream pH
2) formation of new bicarbonate (HCO3-)
3) ammonia and phosphate buffers used to secrete H+
Upper urinary tract(2)
Lower urinary tract (2)
most common bacterial cause of UTI
Kidney, ureter
Bladder (cystitis) , urethra (urethritis)
E. Coli (UPEC)
pyuria due to WBC
dysuria
medical mngmt of UTI
advanced UTI can lead to
puss in your pee
pain/burning of urethra during urination
antibiotics
chronic kidney disease
Calculi means
lithiasis means
most common type of renal calculi
-stones
-the presence of stones that can originate in any part of the urinary tract
-calcium (70%)
Causes of kidney stones
diagnosis
symptoms
clinical complications
infection, pH changes
urinalysis
backache, vomiting, fever
HTN, Stroke
Rebound infection
a recurrence of signs or symptoms of infection
How many nephrons are in each kidney
What is the renal blood flow per minute
___ % of cardiac output …….
1mil
1-1.25 L through renal artery (at rest)
20-25, circulates through the kidneys
2 components of renal corpuscle
bowman’s capsule and glomerulus
The 6 parts of the nephron
purpose of nephron
glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, PCT, loop of henle, DCT, collecting duct
produces urine, removes waste from blood
Afferent vs efferent arterioles
A: deliver blood to the glomerulus
E: carry blood away from the glomerulus
Renal Plasma Flow
RBF 1-1.25 x plasma 55% = 550/600ml/min
ECM that lies between the endothelium and podocyte foot processes
filtration path
recurrent infection causes scaring of the
glomerular basement membrane
endothelial glomerular capilaries - GBM - podocyte
GBM
Medical causes of chronic kidney disease
med man of ESRF
Corticosteroid and NSAID use
dialysis
NephrOTIC syndrome causes lots of ______ loss
___ pee
causes Elevated protein in the urine
causes Elevated blood in urine
protein
foamy or orange
proteinuria/albuminuria
hematuria
NephrITIC Syndrome
loss?
color of pee
orange or red
protein loss but not as much as nephrOTIC
Good glomerular filtration rate (24hr urine)
significant reduction in GFR leads to
greater than 90
renal failure
Purpose of storage center
Purpose of micturition center
overrides micturition reflex
promotes micturition reflex
Process where urine is expelled from the body
internal sphincter
external sphincter
micturition
smooth muscle that makes sure the anal canal is closed at rest
skeletal muscle that provides voluntary control of defecation
What happens during the spinal cord s2-s3 micturition reflex
What part of the brain relays messages between the brain and the bladder
Parasympathetic stimulated contracts detrusor - relaxing internal sphincter
Motor neuron inhibited - relaxing external sphincter
PONS
Leakage of urine
Types? (4)
Urinary incontinence
Stress (increase in abdominal pressure)
Urge (overactivity of detrusor)
Functional (toilet difficulty - because of physical disability)
Overflow (neurogenic - leakage of small amounts due to overfilled bladder)
Medications that contribute to urinary infection or make it worse
alcohol
caffeine
diuretics
Medical management of urinary incontinence
clinical complications
bladder training
artificial sphincter
alpha blockers
sexual dysfunction
UTI
The primary source of testosterone or androgens in males
leydig cells
Male hypogonadism
clinical complications
deficiency in testosterone
DM, sleep disturbances
Hormones that produce testosterone
FSH and LH
The production of seminal fluid/plasma occurs
seminal vescicles and prostate gland
Sperm - vas deferense
+ seminal plasma - seminal vesicles =
ejaculatory duct
Sperm is transported through the
What produces the majority of seminal plasma
Vas deferens
seminal vesicles
Prostatitis
disorder of prostate gland usually associated with inflammation
Chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome usually are
clinical complications
idiopathic / some neuropathic
UTI, BPH, irritable bowel syndrome
3 barriers of dumping fluid into bowman’s capsule
1 GBM
2 ECM- capillary
3 podocyte
