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Pathology > GI, Hepatic, Panc, BIL, Liver > Flashcards

GI, Hepatic, Panc, BIL, Liver Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the digestive system

A

digest and absorb ingested nutrients, excrete waste products

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2
Q

reverse peristalsis

A

contraction muscles of peristalsis move backwards instead of forwards (vomiting)

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2
Q

The little or second brain of the GI tract

A

ENS (enteric nervous system)

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3
Q

Signs of GI disease
- it starts to…?
-how is nausea induced?

A

nausea, vomiting, fatigue (it also starts to pull in other symptoms)

by sensation because the nerve endings do not know how to respond so that causes reverse peristalsis

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4
Q

The intrinsic component is the _____ nervous system
-functions independently to control? type of reflex?

The extrinsic autonomic component is the _______ and ______ ______ that comes from the CNS

-of the two components from the CNS what do they do? type of reflex?

A

-enteric, digestive activities (that is why it’s called the second brain)
-short reflex

-para, symp innervation
-para = enhances digestion, symp= inhibits digestion
-long reflex

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5
Q

What system regulates gastric acid secretion?

A

intrinsic - enteric nervous system

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6
Q

The 4 layers of the GI wall from deep to superficial

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

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7
Q

Where does digestion start

A

mouth

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8
Q

What secretes gastric acid (HCl-)

A

parietal cells

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9
Q

Pepsinogen

what releases pepsin

A

a stomach enzyme that serves to digest proteins
chief cells

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10
Q

Chyme

A

acidic fluid that goes from the stomach to the small intestine composed of incomplete digested food

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11
Q

Common causes of peptic ulcer disease

complications

treatment

A

H. Pylori
NSAIDs (low does aspirin)
corticosteroid use

dehydration
bleeding

stop taking NSAID
antibiotic for pylori

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12
Q

Pyloric stenosis

who does it affect

A

narrow opening between duodenum and stomach, blocks food from getting to small intestine

infants

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13
Q

Stereotypical peristaltic behavior is a

A

2 directional set of muscle contractions

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14
Q

Most of the water we absorb is in the

A

small intestine (up to 80%)

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15
Q

Name the segments of the small intestine and what they absorb

A

Duodenum: carbs
Jejunum: fats + proteins
Ileum: vitamins/ reabsorption of bile

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16
Q

Abnormal frequency, volume or quality of stool

caused by

complications

A

diarrhea

  • poor absorption (more secretion than reabsorption)
    (increased enteric activity)
  • dehydration, hypOtension
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17
Q

constipation

causes primary vs secondary?

clinical complications

A

infrequent bowel movement or difficulty evacuating stools

primary constipation: nuero/myopathic
secondary: hypercalcemia, hypothyroidism

bowel incontinence and bladder dysfunction

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18
Q

When increased intra - abdominal pressure leads to protrusion of stomach and abdominal viscera into the mediastinum

most commn type?

complications

A

hiatal hernia

type 1 (sliding)

HTN, GERD

19
Q

Dyssynergia

it is an _____ behavioral disorder due to _______

A

inability to coordinate abdominal, anorecto, or pelvic floor muscle during defecation

acquired, direct trauma or disuse

20
Q

GERD
most prevalent in ____ but is usually resolved by
also can cause

a build up of bilirubin in blood stream causing yellow skin

clinical complications of GERD

A

gastroesophageal reflux disease
kids
1 year old (>50%)
hiccups in babies

jaundice

cancer risk and renal disease

21
Q

Signs of typical vs atypical GERD

med mngmnt

A

T: heartburn, chest pain, gas
A: persistent cough, asthma, chronic sore throat

weight loss, proton pump inhibitor

22
Q

Osteoporisis

This is a ___ ___ disorder because?

A

Bone disease that develops when bone mineral and bone mass decreases

GI tract.. malabsorption of calcium and magnesium

23
Q

Symptoms of malabsorption

A

muscle weakness, muscle wasting

24
Q

The hormone in the small intestine secreted into the blood upon ingestion of food

A

CCK

24
Q

Where is bile formed

where is it stored

A

liver

gallbladder (yellow to green fluid)

25
Q

What does CCK do

functions of released ____ ?

what is zymogen

A

stimulates the gallbladder to. contract and release stored bile into the intestine

  • emulsify fat in small int (in order to digest more)
  • aids digestion of fat soluble vitamins
    -neutralize acidic chyme
  • excrete bilirubin and cholesterol (up to 10% a day)
    -bactericide food

enable the production of inactive enzymes within the cell that are not activated until after they are secreted

26
Q

Central storage of cholesterol

A

Liver

27
Q

Most common type of stones in gallstone disease

where is the most common site of referred pain

A

mixed (75-90%)

upper right quadrant: shoulder

28
Q

Left over RBC’s (breakdown of hemoglobin)
it is very toxic in the ______?
gives ____ and ____ its color

A

bilirubin
blood
feces and pee

29
Q

Major papilla (ampulla of vater)
Accessory papilla

A

common bile duct
accessory duct

30
Q

Most common disease effecting billiary system

symptoms often occur when

primary trx

A

gallstone disease

postprandial (after eating)

cholecystectomy

31
Q

Pancreas divisum

A

congenital disorder - birth defect in which parts of the pancreas do not join together

32
Q

Endocrine functions of the pancreas
exocrine

A
  • Makes insulin
  • secretion of digestive enzymes into duodenum
33
Q

islets of langerhans

A

pancreatic cell that produces hormones (insulin and glucagon) secreted into the bloodstream

34
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells
Pancreatic ductal cells

What enzyme is a precursor to protease

A

secretion of pancreatic digestive enzymes in the lumen

secrete bicarbonate solution/ deliver enzymes to duodenum

zymogen

35
Q

The 3 phases of digestion

all 3 phases lead to ….. because?

A

cephalic (nervous-vagus)
gastric (hormonal-gastrin)
intestinal (hormonal-scretin, cholecystokinin)

secretion of pancreatic juice, the pancreas needs time to start producing enzymes

36
Q

Cause of acute pancreatitis

this can lead to

chronic pancreatitis leads to inflammation and fibrosis which causes

med management

A

alcohol, gallstones

systemic multiple organ failure (because if the pancreas is injured so are others)

decrease in exocrine - acinar
decrease in endocrine - islets of langerhans (impaired control of metabolism)

PERT

37
Q

Liver does protein synthesis of?… (6)

(largest protein circulating through the blood)?

A

albumin (largest protein circulating through the blood)
fibrinogen
plasminogen
transferrin (stored in ferretin)
IGF - 1
angiotensinogen

38
Q

Main functions of the liver

liver dysfunction leads to a build up of

A

lipid/glycogen storage
cholesterol formation
bile formation/ bilirubin
immune
metabolism of T4-T3; estrogen
estrogen

39
Q

urea cycle
occurs?

A

converting ammonia into urea
liver

40
Q

nutrients stored in the liver

2 blood supplies to the liver

A

Vitamin A,D,E,K,B12, Iron, Copper

hepatic artery
hepatic portal vein

41
Q

Kupffer cells (in liver)

A

!specialized macrophages
protect from foreign/bacteria viruses!
detoxification
descry “old” RBC

42
Q

Stellate cells (in liver)

A

!storage of vitamin A!
activated through injury (we don’t really want them activated)

43
Q

3 stages of the liver
cirrhosis causes

A

normal-fibrotic-cirrhotic
ascites

Pathology (13 decks)

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