Respiratory Flashcards
On chest examination what is increased vocal resonance and fine end inspiratory crepitations suggestive of?
Pulmonary fibrosis and pulmonary oedema (left sided heart failure)
On chest examination, what is stony dull percussion note and reduced tactile vocal fremitus suggestive of?
Pleural effusion
On chest examination, what is hyper-resonant percussion note and tracheal deviation to the left suggestive of?
Tension pneumothorax
On chest examination, what is increased tactile vocal fremitus and dull percussion note suggestive of?
Pneumonia/ lobular pneumonia
What is the initial management for empyema?
Chest drain insertion under USS guidance
What test result is ‘almost diagnostic’ for empyema?
Pleural fluid aspirate reading pH 7.2
Usually after fever despite antibiotic treatment for pneumonia
What is an empyema?
Empyema is a collection of pus in the cavity between the lung and the membrane that surrounds it (pleural space).
What is the initial management for hospital acquired pneumonia?
IV Tazocin
What constitutes mild asthma?
PEFR 50-75% best or predicted
Speech normal
RR < 25 / min
Pulse < 110 bpm
What constitutes severe asthma?
PEFR 33 - 50% best or predicted
Can’t complete sentences
RR > 25/min
Pulse > 110 bpm
What constitutes life threatening asthma?
PEFR < 33% best or predicted Oxygen sats < 92% 'Normal' pC02 (4.6-6.0 kPa) Silent chest, cyanosis or feeble respiratory effort Bradycardia, dysrhythmia or hypotension Exhaustion, confusion or coma
What is the mechanism of beta-receptor agonists?
bind to beta receptors of the sympathetic nervous system. Causes relaxation of airway smooth muscle and subsequent bronchodilation. May be short or long-acting.
What is the mechanism of muscarinic receptor antagonists?
prevent the activation of muscarinic receptors by acetylcholine. This prevents airway smooth muscle contraction and causes bronchodilation. Can be short or long-acting.
What is the mechanism of inhaled corticosteroids?
work by reducing inflammation within the lungs. They are thought to reduce the number of exacerbations, improve the efficacy of bronchodilators and decrease dyspnoea in stable COPD.
What type of medication is salbutamol?
Short acting beta agonist (SABA)
