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Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) > Respiration Pathways > Flashcards

Respiration Pathways Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Concert of molecules working together small, stepwise reactions in a specific sequence

A

Pathways

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2
Q

Anabolic and catabolic reactions sum up all reactions needed to maintain life

A

Pathways

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3
Q

Energy is needed to drive endergonic reactions

A

Pathways

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4
Q

An organic 6-carbon molecule

A

Glucose

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5
Q

The process of extracting energy from organic molecules (like glucose)

A

Aerobic respiration

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6
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O —> 6CO2 + 12H2O + ATP

A

Aerobic respiration breaks down the sugar

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7
Q

Organic carbon returns to its inorganic form

A

C6H12O6 is oxidized to 6CO2

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8
Q

Purpose of respiration ?

A

to gradually release the energy tied up in the bonds of glucose

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9
Q

What does aerobic require?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What consists aerobic respiration?

A

4 or 5 smaller pathways

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11
Q

It completely oxidizes glucose to capture cellular energy (ATP)

A

Aerobic respiration

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12
Q

It occurs in organisms requiring oxygen to survive

A

Aerobic

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13
Q

It occurs in the mitochondrion

A

Aerobic

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14
Q

What is the name of the inner mitochondrion membrane?

A

Cristae

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15
Q

What is the name of the inner compartment of the mitochondrion?

A

Matrix

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16
Q

It transfers energy

A

Respiration

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17
Q

It occurs in cells having mitochondria

A

Respiration

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18
Q

This type of respiration is exergonic

A

Aerobic

*The overall breakdown of glucose molecules is exergonic (releases energy)

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19
Q

When energy is released, oxidation reduction reactions do…. (2 things)

A
  • shuffle electrons around with the help of coenzymes FAD and NAD+
  • produced ATP
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20
Q

ATP is produced by.. (2 things)

A
  • substrate-level-phosphorylation

- chemiosmosis

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21
Q

Energy potential of coenzymes used to make ATP… (2)

A
  • NAD+ (oxidized form) or NADH (reduced) will provide energy to make 3 ATPs
  • FAD (oxidized form) or FADH2 (reduced form) will provide energy to make 2 ATPs
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22
Q

Critical factor for the maintenance of respiration.

A

The reaction is reversible, coenzymes are recycled
NAD+ NADH + H+
FAD FADH2

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23
Q

What binds to NAD+ and the substrate?

A

Enzymes that use NAD+ as a cofactor for oxidation reactions

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24
Q

What is binding to the enzymes that use NAD+ as a cofactor for oxidation reactions?

A

NAD+ and the substrate

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25
Q

2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+, forming NADH. A second proton is donated to the solution.

A

Oxidation-reduction reaction

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26
Q

What happens in an oxidation-reduction reaction?

A

2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+ forming NADH. A second electron is donated to the solution.

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27
Q

3 steps of oxidation?

A

1-Enzymes bind NAD+ and the susbtrate
2-2 electrons and a proton are transferred to NAD+ froming NADH and a second proton is donated to the solution
3-NADH diffuses away and can then donate electrons to other molecules.

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28
Q

What are the 5 pathways of aerobic respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Pyruvate oxidation
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
  • Chemiosmosis (oxidative phosphorylation)
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29
Q

How many pathways make up the process of respiration?

A

5 small (1 in the cytoplasm and 4 in the mitochondrion)

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30
Q

What pathway occurs inthe cytoplasm?

A

Glycolysis

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31
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

A

Mitochondiral inner membrane

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32
Q

How are the electrons transported to the electron transport chain?

A

via NADH

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33
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Krebs cycle

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34
Q

Why can’t glycolysis occur in the mitochondrion?

A

Too big to enter

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35
Q

Where do the electrons come from to feed the ETC?

A

Glycolysis
Conversion of Pyruvate
Many from Krebs

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36
Q

Does it take oxygen for glycolysis to occur?

A

It occurs with or without O2

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37
Q

Glycolysis occurs in 3 phases… What are they?

A

1- energy investment (need 2 ATP)
2- cleavage into 2-3 C molecules (2 G3P)
3- energy producing (makes 4 ATP)

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38
Q

What are the three conditions for glycolysis?

A

NAD+ must be present
Doesn’t need oxygen
Occurs in cytoplasm

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39
Q

What will NADH do?

A

Transfer electrons to ETC and it has the potential to make 3 ATPs

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40
Q

In the first glycolysis phase (energy investment), what happens to glucose?

A

Priming glucose: glucose is phosphorylated at both ends using 2 ATPs

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41
Q

In the second glycolysis phase (cleavage), what happens to the sugar?

A

The sugar is split into 2 3-carbon sugars called G3P

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42
Q

What are G3P?

A

when sugar is split into 2 * 3-carbon sugars

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43
Q

Into what is the G3P converted?

A

Into 2 pyruvate

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44
Q

In the third glycolysis phase (energy acquisition), energy is harvested by what?

A

Substrate-level-phosphorylation

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45
Q

What is substrate-level-phosphorylation?

A

ADP picks up phosphate from sugar producing 4 ATP

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46
Q

What are the glycolysis products per glucose?

A

2 pyruvate, 2 net ATP, 2 NADH

*NO CO2 IS RELEASED

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47
Q

What happens to pyruvate when there is a presence of oxygen?

A

It will move into the mitochondrion to undergo aerobic respiration

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48
Q

What happens to pyruvate when there is NO presence of oxygen?

A

It will ferment in the cytoplasm by fermentation (a form of anaerobic respiration)

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49
Q

When no oxygen, what happens?

A

cell runs out of oxygen and shuts down mitochondria

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50
Q

Where does oxidation of pyruvate occur?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotess

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51
Q

What does pyruvate do during oxidization? (3 things)

A

Converts 3-C pyrhuvate to 2-C acetyl
Produces 1 NADH for every pyruvate
First 2 CO2 are released from original glucose (1 per pyruvate)

52
Q

What are the products per pyruvate?

A

1 CO2 given off as waste
1 NADH will make ATP in ETC
1 acetyl-CoA

*per glucose means multiply all by 2

53
Q

What is the ratio of by pyruvate products and by glucose products?

A

Per glucose: multiply all pyruvate products by 2

54
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

55
Q

This cycle completes glucose oxidation.

A

Krebs cycle

56
Q

What does the Krebs cycle produce per pyruvate?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH2
1 ATP

57
Q

What does the Krebs cycle release per pyruvate?

A

2 CO2

58
Q

After glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the Krebs cycle, glucose has been oxidized to what?

A

4 ATP
10 NADH (go to ETC)
2 FADH2 (go to ETC)
6 CO2 per glucose is given off as waste

59
Q

What is the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

A series of membrane-bound electron carriers

60
Q

Where is located the ETC?

A

in the cristae of eukaryotic cells

61
Q

What does the ETC?

A

Pumps hydrogen ions into inner membrane space and accepts electrons from NADH and FADH2

62
Q

From which phases is CO2 released?

A

fermentation
pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle

63
Q

Is there any CO2 coming off of glycolysis?

A

NO

64
Q

What is recycled by the krebs cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate

65
Q

What does ETC need as the final electron acceptor?

A

Oxygen (O2)

66
Q

What is the difference between net and total?

A

Net: cell benefits 2 ATP
Total: 4 ATP made

67
Q

What is the energy used to pumps H+ across the membrane?

A

Electron energy that got lost with each transfer of electrons

68
Q

What is established in the intermembrane space?

A

Proton H+ gradient

69
Q

What type of reaction is Cellular Respiration?

A

Exergonic

70
Q

Is cellular respiration aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

71
Q

What gas does cellular respiration consume? What gas does it send out as waste?

A

Consumes oxygen

Sends out carbon dioxide

72
Q

Where does cellular respiration occur?

A

Mitochondrion

73
Q

What is the chemical equation for Cellular Respiration?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂→ 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + heat + ATP

74
Q

What is the function of cellular respiration?

A

Breaks down glucose molecules and stores that energy in ATP

75
Q

Roughly how many ATP are made in the process of cellular respiration (per molecule of glucose)?

A

38

76
Q

How much energy from ATP is lost as heat?

A

40%

77
Q

How much energy from ATP is used for body maintenance?

A

75%

78
Q

Is oxidation a loss or gain of electrons?

A

Loss

79
Q

Is reduction a loss or gain of electrons?

A

Gain

80
Q

Name the enzyme that is involved in the regulation of redox reactions.

A

Dehydrogenase

81
Q

What is the second stage of cellular respiration?

A

Citric Acid Cycle or Krebs Cycle

82
Q

Where does citric acid cycle take place?

A

Matrix

83
Q

What is the third stage of cellular respiration?

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)

84
Q

What is the main function of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?

A

to supply Oxidative Phosphorylation with electrons

85
Q

The cell transfers energy by shuttling _____ from molecule to molecule.

A

Electrons

86
Q

Energy released in the electron transport chain is used to pump ______ ions across a membrane.

A

hydrogen

87
Q

ATP is made by adding ______ to an inorganic phosphate.

A

ADP

88
Q

Oxidative ________ involved an electron transport chain and a process called chemiosmosis.

A

Phosphorylation

89
Q

A sequence of electron carriers forms the electron ______ chain.

A

Transport

90
Q

_______ is the loss of an electron.

A

Oxidation

91
Q

A molecule such as glucose is oxidized when it ______ an electron

A

Loses

92
Q

_______ is short for “oxidation-reduction”

A

Redox

93
Q

Oxygen is ________ in cellular respiration.

A

Reduced

94
Q

A coenzyme called ______ is used to carry electrons in redox reactions.

A

NAD⁺

95
Q

Most cells make most of their ATP via a process that involves an electron transport chain and a process called ______.

A

Chemiosmosis

96
Q

A ______ enzyme strips hydrogen atoms from organic molecules.

A

Dehydrogenase

97
Q

ATP ______ are protein complexes hat use energy from a gradient of ion concentration to make ATP.

A

Synthesis

98
Q

NADH delivers electrons to an electron ______ at the beginning of the electron transport chain.

A

Carrier

99
Q

Glucose is _______ in cellular respiration.

A

Oxidized

100
Q

NAD⁺ picks up electrons and hydrogen, forming _______.

A

NADH

101
Q

Steps in glycolysis that produce ATP and Pyruvate.

A

Energy payoff phase

102
Q

Reduced as glucose is oxidized.

A

NAD⁺

103
Q

The steps in glycolysis that consume energy.

A

Preparatory phase

104
Q

“Splitting of sugar”

A

Glycolysis

105
Q

When an enzyme transfers a phosphate from a substrate to ADP.

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation

106
Q

This is not involved in glycolysis.

A

Oxygen

107
Q

Fermentation enables cells to make ATP in the absence of ______

A

Oxygen

108
Q

For every molecule of glucose consumed, glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvic acid, two molecules of ATP, and two molecules of ______.

A

NADH

109
Q

What are the waste products of Alcohol Fermentation?

A

Ethanol & carbon dioxide & NAD+

110
Q

How many ATP does fermentation make?

A

2

111
Q

This causes muscle fatigue and sorenese.

A

Lactic acid

112
Q

Most* protons diffuse into the matrix through

A

ATP synthase

113
Q

A membrane-bound enzyme that uses the energy of the proton gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP + Pi

A

ATP synthase

114
Q

In theory, 38 ATP per glucose for _____

A

Bacteria

115
Q

In theory, 36 ATP per glucose for _____

A

Eukaryotes

116
Q

Regulation of respiration is by ____.

A

Feedback inhibition

117
Q

In Aerobic respiration in mito: final electron receptor is _______.

A

Oxygen

118
Q

In Fermentation in cytoplasm: final electron acceptor is an organic molecule like ____ and _____.

A

Acetaldehyde

Pyruvate

119
Q

It regenerates NAD+ by reducing organic molecules in the cytoplasm.

A

Fermentation

120
Q

Glycolysis NEEDS ___.

A

NAD+

121
Q

What happens with electrons during lactic acid fermentation?

A

They are transferred from NADH to pyruvate to produce lactic acid

122
Q

Amino acid is ______ to remove the amino group.

A

Deaminated

123
Q

Amino acid is deaminated to remove the amino group and the remainder is converted to a molecule that enters glycolysis or the KRebs cyle. What is the type of reaction?

A

Catabolic reaction of proteins

124
Q

Fats are broken down to fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids are converted to acetyl groups by b-oxidation. What is the type of reaction?

A

Catabolic reaction of fats

125
Q

What prepares fat for Krebs Cycle?

A

Oxidation of neutral fat

Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) (13 decks)

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