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Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) > DNA Replication > Flashcards

DNA Replication Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

________ is circular and has only one chromosome

A

Bacterial DNA

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2
Q

_____ occurs in both directions of a chromosome

A

Replication

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3
Q

Example of prokaryotic DNA replication

A

E-coli (circular chromosome)

has 5M base pairs an tkes less than 1 hour to replicate

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4
Q

What are the 3 phases of DNA replication?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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5
Q

What happens in the initiation phase?

A

Replication begins at an origin of replication

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6
Q

What happens in the elongation phase?

A

New strands of DNA are synthesized

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7
Q

What happens in the termination step?

A

Replication is terminated at the termination site

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8
Q

What is the difference between bacteria and eukaryotes in the initiation step?

A

Bacteria: 1 origin of replication
Eukaryotes: hundreds or thousands of origin replications

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9
Q

The replication proceeds in ___ directions.

A

2

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10
Q

A Y shaped region where the new strands are elongating

A

replication fork

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11
Q

What is a replication fork?

A

Y shaped region where the new strands are elongating

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12
Q

What is primer made of?

A

RNA nucleotides

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13
Q

What happens after the generation of the primer?

A

DNA Polymerase III will elongate the chain

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14
Q

What is the fonction of DNA polymerase I?

A

Proof read, repairs, replaces

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15
Q

______ is a specific sequence of nucleotides (A and T rich) on DNA

A

Origin of Replication

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16
Q

________initiate replication by identifying origin of replication sequence (AT’s), then attach to DNA

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

The double helix is unwound by the enzyme ____

A

Helicase

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18
Q

________ prevent DNA from winding up

A

Single-stranded binding proteins

19
Q

_____ relieves torque created by the helicase

A

DNA Gyrase

20
Q

_____ is a DNA replicating structure made up of protein clamps and enzymes which binds at the replication fork.

A

replisome

21
Q

The replisome consists of 2 things…

A
  1. primase

2. helicase

22
Q

_____ makes an RNA primer to which new nucleotides will be added

A

Primase

23
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

Primase makes RNA primer

DNA pol III adds new nucleotides in synthesis step

24
Q

______ is responsible for the majority of DNA synthesis

A

DNA polymerase III

25
Q

What are the 2 DNA pol III restrictions?

A
  1. only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of DNA

2. only add nucleotides to an existing nucleotide

26
Q

What are the 2 steps in termination?

A

DNA Pol I removes RNA primer and fills gaps with DNA nuculeotides

DNA ligase seals the gap by forming a phosphodiester bond

27
Q

______ removes the RNA primer and fills the gaps with DNA nucleotides

A

DNA Pol I

28
Q

______ seals the gap by forming a phosphodiester bond

A

DNA ligase

29
Q

________ is semi-discontinuous

A

DNA replication

30
Q

is synthesized continuously (in the same direction as the replication fork)

A

leading strand

31
Q

______ is synthesized discontinuously creating Okazaki fragments

A

Lagging strand

32
Q

2 reasons why it is semi-discontinuous

A

DNA Pol III can only add nucleotides to the 3’ end of the newly synthesized strand

DNA strands run anti-parallel to each other

33
Q

________ moves in 1 direction, synthesizing both strands simultaneously

A

The replication fork

34
Q

Human has ________ and it takes few hours to copy

A

6 billion base pairs

35
Q

What is the problem existing in synthesizing the ends of the chromosomes?

A

Lack of a primer on the 5’ end

36
Q

With each round of DNA replication, the linear eukaryotic chromosome becomes ____.

A

shorter

37
Q

______ are repeated DNA sequence on the ends of eukaryotic chromosome.

A

Telomeres

38
Q

What is the enzyme producing telomeres?

A

Telomerase

39
Q

contains an RNA region that is used as a template so a DNA can be produced

A

Telomerase

40
Q

DNA can be damaged by chemical or physical agents called

A

Mutagens

41
Q

Name a specific DNA repair mechanism

A

thymine dimers

42
Q

Name a non-specific DNA repair mechanism

A

excision repair

43
Q

DNA polymerase can only go from the __’ to the __’

A

5’ to 3’

Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) (13 decks)

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