General Biology II

Question 1

What are the properties of life? (7)

Answer 1

Living organisms:

• 1. are composed of cells
• 2. are complex and ordered*
• 3. obtain and use energy *
• 4. respond to their environment
• 5. maintain internal balance or homeostasis*
• 6. can grow and reproduce
• 7. evolutionary adaptation

Question 2

What are emergent properties?

Answer 2

• New properties present at one level that are not seen in the previous level.

Question 3

What is the hierarchy of the organization of life?

Answer 3

• Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Community (MOCTOC)

Question 4

What are the unifying themes in Biology?

Answer 4

• 1. Cell theory
• 2. Molecular basis of inheritance
• 3. Cells are information processing systems
• 4. Evolutionary conservation
• 5. Evolutionary change
• 6. Structure and Function are related
• 7. Emergent properties arise

Question 5

What are the 6 common most elements in all organisms?

Answer 5

• Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorous, Sulfur (N CHOPS)

Question 6

What are their macromolecules?

• Sugars
• Fatty acids
• Amino acids
• Nucleotides

Answer 6

• Polysaccharides
• Fats, lipids, membranes
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

Question 7

Where do the cells get their energy from?

Answer 7

Carbohydrates

Question 8

Give 2 examples of carbohydrate.

Answer 8

Sugars

Starch

Question 9

Where do grazing animals get their energy from?

Answer 9

Cellulose

Question 10

Where do cells store their energy?

Answer 10

Lipids

Question 11

What are lipids used to form?

Answer 11

Membranes

Question 12

Animals have what type of fats?

Answer 12

Saturated fats

Question 13

Plants have what type of fats?

Answer 13

Unsaturated fats

Question 14

What are fats and oils?

Answer 14

Lipids

Question 15

With what do cells build themselves?

Answer 15

Proteins

Question 16

What are proteins made of?

Answer 16

Amino acids

Question 17

How are amino acids linked?

Answer 17

Peptide bonds

Question 18

With what do cells build genetic codes?

Answer 18

Nucleic acids

Question 19

What are nucleic acids made of?

Answer 19

Nucleotides

Question 20

What do nucleotides contain?

Answer 20

Bases

Pentose sugars

Question 21

Name 2 nucleic acids.

Answer 21

DNA

RNA

Question 22

What are functional groups?

Answer 22

They are responsible for giving specific reactive properties enabling reactions between molecules during metabolism.

Question 23

-OH

Answer 23

Hydroxyl Group (found in carbohydrates, proteins, nucleid acids, lipids)

Question 24

C=O

Answer 24

Carbonyl Group found in carbohydrates and nucleic acids (Ketones)

Question 25

C=O (+H bond to C)

Answer 25

Carbonyl Group found in carbohydrates and nucleic acids (Aldehydes)

Question 26

NH2

Answer 26

Amino Group (found in proteins, nucleic acids)

Question 27

C=O (+OH bond to C) (COOH)

Answer 27

Carboxyl Group (found in proteins, lipids)

Question 28

CH3

Answer 28

Methyl (found in proteins)

Question 29

-S-H

Answer 29

Sulfhydryl (found in proteins)

Question 30

P (bond to 4 O)

Answer 30

Phosphate (found in nucleic acids)

Question 31

Why is water essential to functional groups?

Answer 31

They require an aqueous environment in order to react with other functional groups.

Question 32

Water is needed to.. (2 things)

Answer 32

- Break down (water is added) molecules as in Catabolic processes (digestion, respiration) - Build molecules (water is removed) as in Anabolic process (photosynthesis)

Question 33

Is water polar or non polar?

Answer 33

Polar

Question 34

Give the 5 properties of water.

Answer 34

1- Liquid at room T 2- Good solvent (dissociate to form ions) 3- Cohesive & adhesive 4- High specific heat (takes lots of energy to raise or lower its temperature) 5- High heat of vaporization

Question 35

Name the 4 categories of biological molecules.

Answer 35

- Proteins - Nucleic acids - Lipids - Carbs

Question 36

What are complex organic molecules made out of?

Answer 36

- Carbon & hydrogen backbones | - Functional groups (bonded to backbones

Question 37

What is the process to make molecules?

Answer 37

Dehydration synthesis /condensation reaction (ANABOLIC REACTION) by the removal of water

Question 38

What is the process to break molecules?

Answer 38

Hydrolysis (CATABOLIC REACTION) by the addition of water (polymers are broken down to monomers)

Question 39

What type of reaction is dehydration synthesis/condensation reaction?

Answer 39

Anabolic

Question 40

What type of reaction is hydrolysis?

Answer 40

Catabolic