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Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Maintain oxygen levels in the atmosphere

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2
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endergonic

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4
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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5
Q

What does photosynthesis use to create food molecules?

A

Solar energy

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6
Q

What is the relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis?

A

The reactants for photosynthesis are the products for cellular respiration and the reactants for the cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis.

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7
Q

Pigment that give a plant its green color and is used by the plant to complete the process of photosynthesis.

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

The gas that a plant released into the atmosphere as a product of the process of photosynthesis.

A

Oxygen

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9
Q

The gas that a plant takes in to use in the process of photosynthesis.

A

Carbon dioxide

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10
Q

The part of the plant where most of the photosynthesis process occurs.

A

Leaf

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11
Q

The part of the plant that supports the leaves and transports water through the plant.

A

Stem

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12
Q

Energy from the sun that is used by plants to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis

A

Solar energy

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13
Q

Tiny holes in the leaves of the plant where gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit

A

Stomata

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14
Q

A type of sugar that is produced by the plant during photosynthesis; this is the material that makes the plant grow and is also its food

A

Cellulose

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15
Q

An organism that makes its own food by converting inorganic molecules to complex organic molecules

A

Autotroph

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16
Q

A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the pigments for photosynthesis.

A

Thylakoid

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17
Q

The solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.

A

Stroma

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18
Q

A stack of thylakoids within a cholorplast.

A

Granum (grana for plural)

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19
Q

Reaction in thylakoids in which light and water are used to produce oxygen, ATP, and reduced NADP

A

Light dependent reaction

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20
Q

Uses products from the light dependent reaction to convert carbon dioxide to an organic molecule (usually sugar)

A

Light independent reaction

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21
Q

These cells change shape to open or close the stoma

A

Guard cells

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22
Q

They use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose) and oxygen.

A

Choroplasts

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23
Q

In C3 and CAM plants, _________ cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.

A

Mesophyll

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24
Q

Their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

A

Thylakoids

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25
What are the two stages of photosynthesis?
light dependent and light independent
26
The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.
Calvin cycle
27
Temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.
NADP
28
The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Photophosphorylation
29
The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).
Carbon fixation
30
An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.
Caroteins
31
A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes
Photosystem
32
They absorb light best at different wavelengths.
Photosystems
33
A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.
Reaction-center complex
34
Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis.
Reaction-center complex
35
Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.
Reaction-center complex
36
One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.
photosystem II
37
A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.
Photosystem I
38
A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.
Light harvesting complex
39
In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.
Primary electron acceptor
40
A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)
41
What are the 3 phases of Calvin cycle?
Carbon Fixation Energy Consumption and Redox Release of G3P; Regeneration of RuBP
42
A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.
C3 plants
43
A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output.
Photorespiration
44
A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
C4 plants
45
In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.
Bundle-sheath cells
46
What is the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle
47
No release of oxygen during this phase.
Calvin cycle
48
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with ______ & _______.
ATP and NADPH
49
How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?
Rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.
50
Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each.
Carbon fixation in the calvin cycle
51
Photoelectric effect is used to ..
Convert the light energy to bond energy
52
What is the equation for carbon fixation?
CO2 ----> glucose
53
Overall photosynthesis is ____.
Anabolic
54
What are accessory pigments?
Pigments other than CHLOROPHYLL A
55
Lipid-type molecules that absorb visible light; examples Chlorophyll a chlorophyll b, carotene etc
Pigments
56
Where is the chlorophyll located?
Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast
57
It shows the range and efficiency of photons it is capable of absorbing.
Absorption spectrum
58
Captures light energy in the absence of chloroplasts
Chlorophyll
59
Site of photosynthesis is in ______ layer.
Mesophyll
60
How are chloroplasts organized?
1. Intermembrane space 2. Stroma (calvin cycle) 3. Thylakoid space (inside a thylakoid disk)
61
one stack of thylakoid membranes
granum
62
What does the inner thylakoid membrane contain?
Photosystem II and I
63
Captures light energy by exciting chlorophyll molecules. Photosystems II and I
Light reaction (light dependent RXN)
64
Fixes carbon (converts CO2 to G3P)
Calvin cycle (light independent RXN)
65
What does a photosystem consist of (3 things)?
1. Antenna complex (accessory pigments) 2. Reaction center (chlorophyll a) 3. ETC
66
- Reaction center P680 - ETC makes ATP - Final electron acceptor is reaction center of PS I
PS II
67
- Reaction center P700 - ETC makes NADPH - Final electron acceptor is NADP+
PS I
68
Transfers light energy through the accessory pigments.
Antenna complex
69
Photons of light excite electrons on pigments, creating an electrical current known as the _________.
Photoelectric effect
70
In which photosystem does photoelectric effect occur?
PS II antenna complex
71
Where does photolysis occur?
PS II
72
What is photolysis?
Water is split releasing oxygen and hydrogen ions in PS II
73
How does ETC of PS II make ATP?
Photophosphorylation and ATP synthase
74
What does ETC of PS I make?
NADPH
75
Where does light independent reaction occur?
Stroma
76
Cyclical pathway in photosynthesis
Calvin cycle
77
What is the key enzyme in Calvin cycle?
Rubisco
78
What does the Calvin cycle regenerate?
RuBP
79
What does light independent reaction oxidize and recycle?
Oxidizes NADPH | Recycles NADP+ and ADP
80
What is RuBP?
5C substrate in Calvin cycle that binds to carbon dioxide
81
1. Carbon fixation 2. Reduction to produce G3P (3C sugar) 3. Requires RuBP to bind to CO2
Calvin cycle
82
RUBISCO enzyme catalyzes C-fixation
ok
83
What do cells need to build carbs?
1. energy (ATP from light dependent) 2. reduction potential (NADPH from PS I) 3. carbon dioxide from environment
84
RuBP + CO2 ----> 2 molecules PGA
Carbon fixation
85
PGA reduced to G3P
Reduction to sugar
86
1 G3P devoted to glucose synthesis | 5 G3P used to regenerate RuBP
Regeneration of RuBP
87
The carbon fixation reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.
Rubisco
88
____ turns needed to make 1 glucose and 5 RuBP.
6 turns
89
Total of 1 G3P generated per ___ turns of Calvin.
3 turns
90
__ G3P are recycled to make RuBP
5
91
What happens to the one G3P that is not recycled to make RuBP?
Leaves chloroplast to be used to make 6C sugar.
92
What enters the Calvin cycle?
ATP NADPH CO2
93
What leaves the Calvin cycle?
G3P, ADP, NADP+
94
For every 6 CO2 entering Calvin, it requires: - ___ ATP - ___ NADPH to generate ___ G3P
18 ATP 12 NADPH 6 G3P
95
In warmer temps, rubisco enzyme more likely binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. What is the name of this process?
Photorespiration
96
When does stomata close?
At night, on hot dry days
97
What happens when stomata closes?
No access to carbon dioxide and oxygen builds up
98
In photorespiration O2 competes with CO2 for the active site in the enzyme rubisco.
ok
99
_____ adds O2 to the Calvin cycle instead of CO2
Rubisco
100
Which plant can avoid photorespiration?
C4 plants
101
Why can C4 plants avoid photorespiration?
They can use an enzyme other than rubisco for the initial C-fixation
102
What other enzyme could be used for the initial carbon fixation?
PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 to become a 4C molecule called oxaloacetate
103
The C4 uses 2 cells separating carbon fixation from light reactions. What are they?
``` Mesophyll cell (c-fixation) Bundle Sheath cell (Calvin) ```
104
What happens in the C4 mesophyll cell?
PEP carboxylase captures CO2 | Makes a 4-carbon product which is moved into a bundle sheath cell
105
What happens in the bundle sheath cell?
1. The 4C is cleaved to 3C sending the CO2 to the Calvin cycle 2. The 3C returns to Mesophyll cell
106
What do CAM plants do?
Open stomata at night and close during the day
107
Give an example of a CAM plant.
Desert plants

Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) (13 decks)

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