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Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

What does photosynthesis do?

A

Maintain oxygen levels in the atmosphere

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2
Q

What is the photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

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3
Q

What type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

Endergonic

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4
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen and glucose

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5
Q

What does photosynthesis use to create food molecules?

A

Solar energy

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6
Q

What is the relationship between Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis?

A

The reactants for photosynthesis are the products for cellular respiration and the reactants for the cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis.

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7
Q

Pigment that give a plant its green color and is used by the plant to complete the process of photosynthesis.

A

Chlorophyll

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8
Q

The gas that a plant released into the atmosphere as a product of the process of photosynthesis.

A

Oxygen

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9
Q

The gas that a plant takes in to use in the process of photosynthesis.

A

Carbon dioxide

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10
Q

The part of the plant where most of the photosynthesis process occurs.

A

Leaf

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11
Q

The part of the plant that supports the leaves and transports water through the plant.

A

Stem

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12
Q

Energy from the sun that is used by plants to produce their own food by the process of photosynthesis

A

Solar energy

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13
Q

Tiny holes in the leaves of the plant where gases like carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit

A

Stomata

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14
Q

A type of sugar that is produced by the plant during photosynthesis; this is the material that makes the plant grow and is also its food

A

Cellulose

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15
Q

An organism that makes its own food by converting inorganic molecules to complex organic molecules

A

Autotroph

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16
Q

A membrane system found within chloroplasts that contains the pigments for photosynthesis.

A

Thylakoid

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17
Q

The solution that surrounds the thylakoids in a chloroplast.

A

Stroma

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18
Q

A stack of thylakoids within a cholorplast.

A

Granum (grana for plural)

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19
Q

Reaction in thylakoids in which light and water are used to produce oxygen, ATP, and reduced NADP

A

Light dependent reaction

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20
Q

Uses products from the light dependent reaction to convert carbon dioxide to an organic molecule (usually sugar)

A

Light independent reaction

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21
Q

These cells change shape to open or close the stoma

A

Guard cells

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22
Q

They use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar (glucose) and oxygen.

A

Choroplasts

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23
Q

In C3 and CAM plants, _________ cells are located between the upper and lower epidermis; in C4 plants, they are located between the bundle-sheath cells and the epidermis.

A

Mesophyll

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24
Q

Their membranes contain molecular “machinery” used to convert light energy to chemical energy.

A

Thylakoids

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25
Q

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

A

light dependent and light independent

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26
Q

The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate.

A

Calvin cycle

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27
Q

Temporarily stores energized electrons produced during the light reactions.

A

NADP

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28
Q

The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate by means of chemiosmosis, using a proton-motive force generated across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or the membrane of certain prokaryotes during the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

Photophosphorylation

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29
Q

The initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism (a plant, another photosynthetic organism, or a chemoautotrophic prokaryote).

A

Carbon fixation

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30
Q

An accessory pigment, either yellow or orange, in the chloroplasts of plants and in some prokaryotes. By absorbing wavelengths of light that chlorophyll cannot, carotenoids broaden the spectrum of colors that can drive photosynthesis.

A

Caroteins

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31
Q

A light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, consisting of a reaction-center complex surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes

A

Photosystem

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32
Q

They absorb light best at different wavelengths.

A

Photosystems

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33
Q

A complex of proteins associated with a special pair of chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron acceptor.

A

Reaction-center complex

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34
Q

Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

Reaction-center complex

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35
Q

Excited by light energy, the pair of chlorophylls donates an electron to the primary electron acceptor, which passes an electron to an electron transport chain.

A

Reaction-center complex

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36
Q

One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P680 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.

A

photosystem II

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37
Q

A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast’s thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center.

A

Photosystem I

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38
Q

A complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules (including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids) that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem.

A

Light harvesting complex

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39
Q

In the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accepts an electron from them.

A

Primary electron acceptor

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40
Q

A three-carbon carbohydrate that is the direct product of the Calvin cycle; it is also an intermediate in glycolysis.

A

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P)

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41
Q

What are the 3 phases of Calvin cycle?

A

Carbon Fixation
Energy Consumption and Redox
Release of G3P; Regeneration of RuBP

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42
Q

A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate.

A

C3 plants

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43
Q

A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen and ATP, releases carbon dioxide, and decreases photosynthetic output.

A

Photorespiration

44
Q

A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.

A

C4 plants

45
Q

In C4 plants, a type of photosynthetic cell arranged into tightly packed sheaths around the veins of a leaf.

A

Bundle-sheath cells

46
Q

What is the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?

A

H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle

47
Q

No release of oxygen during this phase.

A

Calvin cycle

48
Q

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with ______ & _______.

A

ATP and NADPH

49
Q

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants?

A

Rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially.

50
Q

Three molecules of carbon dioxide are added to three molecules of a five-carbon sugar abbreviated RuBP. These molecules are then rearranged to form six molecules called 3-PGA, which have three carbons each.

A

Carbon fixation in the calvin cycle

51
Q

Photoelectric effect is used to ..

A

Convert the light energy to bond energy

52
Q

What is the equation for carbon fixation?

A

CO2 —-> glucose

53
Q

Overall photosynthesis is ____.

A

Anabolic

54
Q

What are accessory pigments?

A

Pigments other than CHLOROPHYLL A

55
Q

Lipid-type molecules that absorb visible light; examples Chlorophyll a chlorophyll b, carotene etc

A

Pigments

56
Q

Where is the chlorophyll located?

A

Thylakoid membrane of chloroplast

57
Q

It shows the range and efficiency of photons it is capable of absorbing.

A

Absorption spectrum

58
Q

Captures light energy in the absence of chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll

59
Q

Site of photosynthesis is in ______ layer.

A

Mesophyll

60
Q

How are chloroplasts organized?

A
  1. Intermembrane space
  2. Stroma (calvin cycle)
  3. Thylakoid space (inside a thylakoid disk)
61
Q

one stack of thylakoid membranes

A

granum

62
Q

What does the inner thylakoid membrane contain?

A

Photosystem II and I

63
Q

Captures light energy by exciting chlorophyll molecules.

Photosystems II and I

A

Light reaction (light dependent RXN)

64
Q

Fixes carbon (converts CO2 to G3P)

A

Calvin cycle (light independent RXN)

65
Q

What does a photosystem consist of (3 things)?

A
  1. Antenna complex (accessory pigments)
  2. Reaction center (chlorophyll a)
  3. ETC
66
Q
  • Reaction center P680
  • ETC makes ATP
  • Final electron acceptor is reaction center of PS I
A

PS II

67
Q
  • Reaction center P700
  • ETC makes NADPH
  • Final electron acceptor is NADP+
A

PS I

68
Q

Transfers light energy through the accessory pigments.

A

Antenna complex

69
Q

Photons of light excite electrons on pigments, creating an electrical current known as the _________.

A

Photoelectric effect

70
Q

In which photosystem does photoelectric effect occur?

A

PS II antenna complex

71
Q

Where does photolysis occur?

A

PS II

72
Q

What is photolysis?

A

Water is split releasing oxygen and hydrogen ions in PS II

73
Q

How does ETC of PS II make ATP?

A

Photophosphorylation and ATP synthase

74
Q

What does ETC of PS I make?

A

NADPH

75
Q

Where does light independent reaction occur?

A

Stroma

76
Q

Cyclical pathway in photosynthesis

A

Calvin cycle

77
Q

What is the key enzyme in Calvin cycle?

A

Rubisco

78
Q

What does the Calvin cycle regenerate?

A

RuBP

79
Q

What does light independent reaction oxidize and recycle?

A

Oxidizes NADPH

Recycles NADP+ and ADP

80
Q

What is RuBP?

A

5C substrate in Calvin cycle that binds to carbon dioxide

81
Q
  1. Carbon fixation
  2. Reduction to produce G3P (3C sugar)
  3. Requires RuBP to bind to CO2
A

Calvin cycle

82
Q

RUBISCO enzyme catalyzes C-fixation

A

ok

83
Q

What do cells need to build carbs?

A
  1. energy (ATP from light dependent)
  2. reduction potential (NADPH from PS I)
  3. carbon dioxide from environment
84
Q

RuBP + CO2 —-> 2 molecules PGA

A

Carbon fixation

85
Q

PGA reduced to G3P

A

Reduction to sugar

86
Q

1 G3P devoted to glucose synthesis

5 G3P used to regenerate RuBP

A

Regeneration of RuBP

87
Q

The carbon fixation reaction is catalyzed by the enzyme ______.

A

Rubisco

88
Q

____ turns needed to make 1 glucose and 5 RuBP.

A

6 turns

89
Q

Total of 1 G3P generated per ___ turns of Calvin.

A

3 turns

90
Q

__ G3P are recycled to make RuBP

A

5

91
Q

What happens to the one G3P that is not recycled to make RuBP?

A

Leaves chloroplast to be used to make 6C sugar.

92
Q

What enters the Calvin cycle?

A

ATP
NADPH
CO2

93
Q

What leaves the Calvin cycle?

A

G3P, ADP, NADP+

94
Q

For every 6 CO2 entering Calvin, it requires:

  • ___ ATP
  • ___ NADPH

to generate ___ G3P

A

18 ATP
12 NADPH
6 G3P

95
Q

In warmer temps, rubisco enzyme more likely binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. What is the name of this process?

A

Photorespiration

96
Q

When does stomata close?

A

At night, on hot dry days

97
Q

What happens when stomata closes?

A

No access to carbon dioxide and oxygen builds up

98
Q

In photorespiration O2 competes with CO2 for the active site in the enzyme rubisco.

A

ok

99
Q

_____ adds O2 to the Calvin cycle instead of CO2

A

Rubisco

100
Q

Which plant can avoid photorespiration?

A

C4 plants

101
Q

Why can C4 plants avoid photorespiration?

A

They can use an enzyme other than rubisco for the initial C-fixation

102
Q

What other enzyme could be used for the initial carbon fixation?

A

PEP carboxylase to fix CO2 to become a 4C molecule called oxaloacetate

103
Q

The C4 uses 2 cells separating carbon fixation from light reactions. What are they?

A 
Mesophyll cell (c-fixation)
Bundle Sheath cell (Calvin)
104
Q

What happens in the C4 mesophyll cell?

A

PEP carboxylase captures CO2

Makes a 4-carbon product which is moved into a bundle sheath cell

105
Q

What happens in the bundle sheath cell?

A
  1. The 4C is cleaved to 3C sending the CO2 to the Calvin cycle
  2. The 3C returns to Mesophyll cell
106
Q

What do CAM plants do?

A

Open stomata at night and close during the day

107
Q

Give an example of a CAM plant.

A

Desert plants

Bio 2 (Let's go Chagnon) (13 decks)

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