respiration intro Flashcards
the thorax is
the upper part of the trunk
what is enclosed w/in the rib cage
thoracic cavity
what dose the thoracic cavity enclose
mediastinum and lungs
lungs –> respiration
respiration
the process of inspiration and expiration is a complex series of events dependent on the structure and fxn of the thorax and chest wall
rib cage
a resilient, expandable skeletal frame
what is the ribcage constructed of
sternum
ribs
costal cartilage
how is the ribcage supported
vertebral column
forms the posterior wall of the thoracic cavity
purpose of the ribcage
protect the vital organs of the anterior and lateral thorax from trauma
help stiffen and straighten the thoracic spine in 3 ways
3 ways the thoracic spine helps stiffen and straighten the thoracic spine
via the costovertebral joint
increases inertia
provides added strength and energy absorption during trauma
via the costovertebral joint –> ribcage
attaching their ribs and their sternal connections to the vertebrae
they stiffen the thoracic spine
increases inertia –> ribcage
increasing the diameter (fxnal diameter of the spine)
articulations of the ribcage
manubriosternal and xiphisternal joints
costovertebral joint
costotransverse joint
chostochondral joints
chondrosternal joints
interchondral joints
floating ribs
manubriosternal joints
each joint is synchondrosis
it moves as one unit
built for stability
costovertebral joint
the first 2 ways that the ribs attach posteriorly to the vertebral column
costovertebral joint articulation
joint formed by the head of the rib and 2 demifacets found on adjacent thoracic vertebrae
ribs 10-12 costovertebral joints
have only 1 articular facet on their head to articulate w/ one thoracic vertebrae
affects the mobility of those ribs
description of costovertebral joints
a plane synovial joint
composed of slightly convex head of the rib articulating w/ 2 concave demifacets on the thoracic vertebrae
motions at the costovertebral joint
rotation and gliding
ligaments and joint capsule –>costovertebral joint
each surface is joined by a thin fibrous capsule and supplying ligaments
radiate ligament
interosseous ligament
radiate ligament –> costovertebral joint
firmly connects to the capsule and has 3 bands
radiate ligament fxn –> costovertebral joint
hold the head of the rib to the costovertebral joint
interosseous ligament –> costovertebral joint
ribs 2-10
lies w/in the capsule
tethers the head of the rib to the annulus that lies b/w the demifacets
another name for the interosseous ligament
interarticular ligament
the tenth rib is a
transitional rib
can articulate with 1 or 2 demifacets
sometimes has an interosseous ligament
costotransverse joint
the second way the ribs attach posteriorly to the vertebral column
articulation of the costotransverse joint
formed by the articulation of the costal tubercle of the rib w/ a costal facet on the transverse process of the 1st-10th thoracic vertebrae
why don’t the 11th and 12th ribs have costotransverse joints
don’t have articular tubercles –> no costotransverse joint
sometimes the 10th won’t have either b/c it is transitional
the 11th and 12th ribs are
less stable b/c they have one less attachment
more mobility
costotransverse joint description
plan synovial joint
composed of the concave costal facet and the convex costal tubercle from T1-T6 or T7
allowing some rotation b/w segments
costotransverse joint from T7 or T8-T10
both articular surfaces are flat, where gliding motions predominate
ligaments and capsule –>costotransverse joint
the joint capsule is strengthened by 3 major ligaments
interosseous ligament
lateral and superior costotransverse ligaments
what is the lateral costotransverse ligament also called
posterior costotransverse ligament
chostochondral joints
composed of the first through the seventh ribs articulating with costal cartilages
chostochondral joints description
synchondrosis surrounded by periosteum
built for stability
no ligamentous support
when the ribs move, the costal cartilage will move
chondrosternal joints
composed of the costal cartilages articulating with the manubriosternal
chondrosternal joints –> ribs 2-7
there is some movement
thin capsule that is reinforced by posterior and anterior radiate ligaments
doesn’t move the manubrium***
first chondrosternal joint
when the first rib moves –> the manubrium will move –> sternum will move
no mobility b/w the joint
interchondral joints
8th-10th costal cartilages articulate with cartilage immediately above them
attaching the sternum by a fused costal cartilage
floating ribs
11th and 12th ribs
have no attachment to the sternum
no attachments anteriorly or to the transverse process
are the 11th and 12th ribs entirely floating
no
they attach to the vertebrae by a costovertebral joint
shape of the ribs
slope downward from medial to lateral aspect
from the posterior vertebral attachments to their anterior sternal attachment –>ribs slope downward
not the costal cartilage but the ribs*
first rib
costal cartilage is very stiff
chondrosternal joint is cartilaginous and not synovial
permitting very little movement
first ribs articulates
@ the costovertebral joint with a single facet
no interosseous ligament
increased mobility of the first rib at the costovertebral joint
what does the first rib do during inspiration
elevate and move superiorly and posteriorly at the costovertebral joint
if the posterior portion moves, the anterior part is going to move –> manubrium follows –> sternum follows
ribs 2-10 axis of motion
there is a common axis for movement at the costotransverse and costovertebral joints
ribs 2-10 –> axis of motion
line drawn that intersects both joints
axis will change position from the superior ribs to the inferior ribs
ribs 2-7 axis
closer to the frontal plane
at inferior ribs (8-10) axis
closer to the sagittal plane
superior ribs (2-7) axis
closer to the frontal plane
“pump handle motion”
pump handle motion
upward and forward motion of the ribs
results in increased anterior-posterior diameter of the chest
inferior ribs (8-10) axis
closer to the sagittal plane
“bucket handle motion”
bucket handle motion
upward and lateral movement of the ribs
results in increased medial-lateral diameter of the chest
ribs 11-12 floating ribs
no anterior attachment
articulate posteriorly w/ only a single vertebral facet
no costotransverse joint
what does the diaphragm attach to
ribs 11-12
what is important for adequate diaphragmatic muscle tension
11th and 12th ribs must be stabilized
quadratus lumborum
sternum
d/t the closed kinematic chain formed by the ribs and sternum
there must be sternal motion when you have rib movement
the sternum will move
upward
resulting in increased anterior-posterior diameter of the chest
what happens to allow movement of the sternum
twisting of the costal cartilage that allows for movement
as you age
the flexibility of the costal cartilage decrease
–> decreased flexibility with limit inspiration
—> less diameter of the chest wall
—-> increased pressure
—–> harder to breathe
costochondritis
inflammation of the costal cartilage
painful with inspiration
elasticity of ribcage
relaxation of the inspiratory muscles
passive recoil of the ribcage
d/t unwinding of the costal cartilage
elasticity is responsible for
quiet respiration
