Respiration and photosynthesis

Question 1

What is respiration used for

Answer 1

Active transport
Movement such as transporting a protein from ribosome to Golgi apparatus
Synthesising large molecules

Question 2

ATP stands for

Answer 2

Adenine triphosphate

Question 3

ATP is made from

Answer 3

Adénine, ribose sugar, the phosphate groups.
It a is a phosphorylated nucleotide

Question 4

ATP is a good energy currency because

Answer 4

1 water soluble-easily transported around cell
2 releases energy quickly in small packets, 30.5kj/mol of energy, little wasted energy
3 relatively stable only hydrolysis with ATPase not at any time. loses phosphate group
4 can be regenerated

Question 5

In general how is ATP made

Answer 5

Phosphate group combines with ADP

Question 6

2 ways atp is maxe

Answer 6

Substrate linked reaction
Chemiosmosis

Question 7

Chemosmosis

Answer 7

As electrons move down carriers they lose energy which is used to pump hydrogen ions into thylakoid interior. When hydrogens move back into stra via atp synthase and converts adp and inorganic phosphate to atp

Question 8

Substrate linked reaction

Answer 8

Transfer of phosphate from a substrate molecule directly to ADP to produce ATP using energy provided directly form another chemical reaction

Question 9

Glycosis

Answer 9

The splitting of glucose. First stage of aerobic respiration molecule with six c into 2 with 3 c

Question 10

where does the light dependent reaction take place

Answer 10

thylakoid membrane

Question 11

where does the light independent reaction take place

Answer 11

stroma

Question 12

how is reduced NADP produced

Answer 12

in light dependent reaction when NADP combines with electrons from photolysis of water

Question 13

what is nadph from ldr used for

Answer 13

light independent reaction

Question 14

whats passed form ldr to lir

Answer 14

Energy from ATP and hydrogen from reduced NADP

Question 15

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Answer 15

Light is absorbed by photosystem I and passed to the photosystem I primary pigment (P700)
An electron in the primary pigment molecule (ie. the chlorophyll molecule) is excited to a higher energy level and is emitted from the chlorophyll molecule in a process known as photoactivation
This excited electron is captured by an electron acceptor, transported via a chain of electron carriers known as an electron transport chain before being passed back to the chlorophyll molecule in photosystem I (hence: cyclic)
As electrons pass through the electron transport chain they provide energy to transport protons (H+) from the stroma to the thylakoid lumen via a proton pump
A build-up of protons in the thylakoid lumen can then be used to drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) by the process of chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the movement of chemicals (protons) down their concentration gradient, the energy released from this can be used by ATP synthase to synthesise ATP
The ATP then passes to the light-independent reactions

Question 16

Non-Cyclic Photophosphorylation

Answer 16

Light is absorbed by photosystem II (located in the thylakoid membrane) and passed to the photosystem II primary pigment (P680)
An electron in the primary pigment molecule (ie. the chlorophyll molecule) is excited to a higher energy level and is emitted from the chlorophyll molecule in a process known as photoactivation
This excited electron is passed down a chain of electron carriers known as an electron transport chain, before being passed on to photosystem I
During this process to ATP is synthesised from ADP and an inorganic phosphate group (Pi) by the process of chemiosmosis
The ATP then passes to the light-independent reactions
Photosystem II contains a water-splitting enzyme called the oxygen-evolving complex which catalyses the breakdown (photolysis) of water by light:
H2O → 2H+ + 2e- + ½O2

As the excited electrons leave the primary pigment of photosystem II and are passed on to photosystem I, they are replaced by electrons from the photolysis of water
Photosystem I
At the same time as photoactivation of electrons in photosystem II, electrons in photosystem I also undergo photoactivation
The excited electrons from photosystem I also pass along an electron transport chain
These electrons combine with hydrogen ions (produced by the photolysis of water) and the carrier molecule NADP to give reduced NADP:
2H+ + 2e- + NADP → reduced NADP

The reduced NADP (NADPH) then passes to the light-independent reactions to be used in the synthesis of carbohydrate

Question 17

calvin cycle produces

Answer 17

complex organic molecules including carbohydrates like starch cellulose and sucrose

Question 18

3 steps of calvin cycle

Answer 18

Rubisco catalyses the fixation of carbon dioxide by combination with a molecule of ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP), a 5C compound, to yield two molecules of glycerate 3-phosphate (GP), a 3C compound
GP is reduced to triose phosphate (TP) in a reaction involving reduced NADP and ATP
RuBP is regenerated from TP in reactions that use ATP

Question 19

Carbon fixation

Answer 19

Carbon dioxide combines with a five-carbon (5C) sugar known as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
An enzyme called rubisco (ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) catalyses this reaction
The resulting six-carbon (6C) compound is unstable and splits in two
This gives two molecules of a three-carbon (3C) compound known as glycerate 3-phosphate (GP)
The carbon dioxide has been ‘fixed’ (it has been removed from the external environment and has become part of the plant cell)
Glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) is not a carbohydrate but the next step in the Calvin cycle converts it into one

Question 20

Reduction of glycerate 3-phosphate

Answer 20

Energy from ATP and hydrogen from reduced NADP – both produced during the light-dependent stage of photosynthesis – are used to reduce glycerate 3-phosphate (GP) to a phosphorylated three-carbon (3C) sugar known as triose phosphate (TP)
One-sixth of the triose phosphate (TP) molecules are used to produce useful organic molecules needed by the plant:
Triose phosphates can condense to become hexose phosphates (6C), which can be used to produce starch, sucrose or cellulose
Triose phosphates can be converted to glycerol and glycerate 3-phosphates to fatty acids, which join to form lipids for cell membranes
Triose phosphates can be used in the production of amino acids for protein synthesis

Question 21

Regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate

Answer 21

Five-sixths of the triose phosphate (TP) molecules are used to regenerate ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
This process requires ATP

Question 22

chlorpohyl a colour

Answer 22

yellow-green

Question 23

chlorophyl b color

Answer 23

blue-green

Question 24

carotenoids and color

Answer 24

beta carotene is orange
xanthophyll is yellow

Question 25

absorption spectrum

Answer 25

shows absorbance of different wavelength

Question 26

action spectrum

Answer 26

rate of photosynthesis of different waveelngths

Question 27

membrane of chloroplast contains

Answer 27

pigments enzyems electron carriers

Question 28

plasmids and photosynthsis

Answer 28

the dna codes for chlorplast proteins

Question 29

use of atp in protein synthesis

Answer 29

unwinding dna
activating rna nucleoptides
making peptide bonds
moving ribosomes along mana