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biology > Kidney and liver > Flashcards

Kidney and liver Flashcards

1
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of undigested food waste

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2
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of metabolic waste

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3
Q

Main excretory products

A

Urea and CO2

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4
Q

Why is it bad to have too much CO2

A

Changes pH of the blood by producing carbonic acid

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5
Q

How is CO2 exhaled

A

Transported to the lungs and exhaled

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6
Q

Can excess protein and amino acids be stored

A

No

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7
Q

Deamination

A

To access the energy the amino group NH2 is removed from an amino acid

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8
Q

Where does deamination occur

A

In the liver

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9
Q

First equation of deamination

A

Amino acid= keto acids and ammonia

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10
Q

Keto acid

A

NH2CH(R)COOH

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11
Q

Second equation of deamination

A

2NH3 + CO2 = CO(NH2)2 + H2O

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12
Q

Why is ammonia immediately combine with CO2 to make urea

A

Ammonia is highly toxic

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13
Q

What can Keto acid be used as

A

Can be used as a respiratory substrate or converted to glucose/fat

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14
Q

Where does urea cycle take place

A

Liver

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15
Q

What is the chemical compound of urea

A

CO(NH2)2

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16
Q

What controls urea cycle

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Does urea cycle require ATP

A

Yes

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18
Q

Selective réabsorption

A

Taking back useful molecules from the filtrate in the nephron into the bloodstream

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19
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtering small molecules out of the blood at high pressure and into the kidney nephron

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20
Q

Why is the afferent arteriole more vasodilated than the efferent arteriole

A

To let more blood enter than leave so there is a high pressure in the capillaries

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21
Q

Does the afferent arteriole let blood into or out of the glomerulus

A

Into

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22
Q

3 layers of ultrafiltration at the glomerulus

A

Capillary endothelium
Basement membrane
Epithelium lining bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

Structure and Adaptation of endothelium of capillaries

A

Lots of gaps between cells that water and small solutes including urea glucose and ions can pass through

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24
Q

Structure and Adaptations of basement membrane

A

Fine mesh if collagen fibres and glycoproteins prevents passage of molecules with a RMM of 68000 (blood cells and large protein)

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25
Structure and adaptation of epithelial cells of bowman’s capsule- podocytes
Podocytes have finger like projections ( foot processes) and large gaps between cells forming a filtrate slit for filtrate to move into the capsule
26
Selective réabsorption in proximal convoluted tubule
1 Na+/K+ pump on capillary side removing Na+ from proximal convoluted epithelial cells into blood by active transport 2 Na move by facilitated diffusion into the cell in carrier protein from pct lumen. It brings glucose/aa with it through co transporter protein 3 glucose/aa diffuse out the other side of the cell into the blood capillary into plasma 4 réabsorption leads to a lower water potential in PCT cells and water enters by osmosis
27
Microvili on PCT adaptation
On the inner surface lining pct and folded basal membrane on epithelial cells- increase sa for efficient reabsorption
28
Co transporter cells in PCT adaptation
For uptake of useful solutes and ions (Na glucose amino acids)
29
Tight junctions in PCT adaptation
In between adjacent cells and holds them together so no fluid can pass between cells
30
Mitochondria in PCT adaptation
Supply the Na/K pumps in basement membrane with ATP to create a gradient for co-transporter protein
31
Blood capillaires in PCT adaptation
Very close to epithelia cells so short diffusion distance
32
What is réabsorbes from pct to blood
All glucose all amino acids all vitamins many sodium and chloride ions some water half the urea
33
why does ultrafiltration occur
a difference in wp between plasma in glomerular filtrate and filtrate in bowman's capsule high wp in plasma in capillaries due to increase in pressure that outweighs the proteins increasing solute potential
34
whats bigger the afferent or efferent arteriole
afferent
35
what happens at the loop of henle
ions (Na and Cl) are pumped out by active transport out if thr ascenidng limb of rhe loop
36
where does reabsorption take place
proximal convoluted tubule
37
what structures are in the cortex
bowmans capsule, pct, dct
38
what structures are in the medulla
loop of henle collecting duct and pelvis
39
which hormone contols water reabsorption and reduces water loss in urine
ADH
40
where is ADH secreted
posterior pituitary gland
41
how does the first part of the distal convoluted tubule work
like the ascending loop of henle
42
how does the second part of the distal convoluted tubule work
like the PCT
43
what does dct do
in the dct Na ions are actively pumped from the fluid in the tubule into the tissue fluid and they pass into the blood. K+ are actively transported into the tubule. The rate at which they are pumped in and out of nephron regulates ion conc in blood. Na and K are important for nerve communication
44
osmoregulation
the control of the water potential of blood and tissue fluid by controlling the water content and the concentration of ions (mainly Na)
45
what receptors detect a change in wp of the blood
osmoreceptors
46
what happens when there's a decrease in wp
nerve impulse sent to pituitary gland stimulating release of ADH
47
what kind of hormone is ADH
peptide
48
diuresis
production of dilute urine
49
what does ADH target
cells of collecting duct. ADH makes the luminal membranes of the collecting duct more permeable to water
50
How is the permeability of the collecting duct changed
increasing the number of aquaporins in the luminal membrane ADH binds to receptor proteins stimulating the production of cyclic AMP which is a second messenger which activates a signalling cascade and aquaporin molecules are phosphorylated The activation of aquaporins means the vesicles move towards the luminal membrane and fuse with it.
51
what cells are in islets of Langerhans
alpha and beta cells
52
in the islets of Langerhans what do a cells secrete
glucagon
53
in the islets of Langerhans what do b cells secrete
insulin
54
when would there be an increase in glucose
after a meal containing carbohydrates
55
what happens when there is an increase in glucose
a cells stop secretion of glucagon and b cells secret insulin. Insulin is carried to all parts of body in blood insulin binds to a receptor on a csm and increase the rate the cells absorb glucose from blood converting into glycogen, insulin also increases the use of glucose in respiration
56
where are islets of Langerhans
endocrine tissue in pancreas
57
How can glucose enter cells
facilitated diffusion through transporter protiens called GLUT
58
what glut proteins do muscle cells have
GLUT 4
59
How do cells become more permeable to glucose
when insulin molecules bind to receptors vesicle with GLUT proteins are moved to membrane and fuse with it
60
what glut proteins do brain cells have
GLUT 1
61
what glut proteins do liver cells have
GLUT 2
62
what does insulin stimulate
the activity of glucokinase which phosphorylates glucose trapping it in the cell, it can be converted to glycogen
63
glycogenesis
synthesis of glycogen by addition of glucose monomers
64
what happens when there is a decrease in blood glucose concentration
a cells stop secreting glucagon and b cells secrete insulin
65
what happens when glucagon binds to receptor
conformational change in receptor that activates G protein and that activates adenyl cyclase. Adenyl cyclase is part of the cell membrane and catalyses the conversion of ATP to cyclic AMP cAMP is a second messenger that binds to protein kinase A enzymes activating them. Active protein kinase A activate phosphorylase kinase enzymes by adding phosphate groups to them. Phosphorylase kinase enzymes activate glycogen phosphorylase and they catalyse the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
66
glycogenolysis
breakdown of glycogen by removing glucose monomers
67
gluconeogenesis
formation of glucose in the liver from non carbohydrate sources like aa and pyruvate and lactate
68
order of enzymes in the cascade
adenyl cyclase cAMP (not enzyme) kinase glycogen phosphorylase
69
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biology (23 decks)

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