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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

monosaccharide example

A

fructose galactose glucose

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2
Q

what disaccharide is nota reducing sugar

A

sucrose

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3
Q

what does benidicts sol test for

A

reducing sugars

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4
Q

how to test for nonreducing sugar

A

break glycosidic bonds by acid-hydrolisis
add hcl and heat in a water bath and add sodium hydrogne carbonate heat with benedict sol

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5
Q

centrifuge

A

removes precipitates

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6
Q

test for lipids

A

emulsion test
add ethanol
shake
add water
turns milky

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7
Q

monosaccharide

A

single most basic units of carbohydrates

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8
Q

carbohydrates

A

molecule made of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
long chains of sugars called saccharides

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9
Q

how do monos form polys and dis

A

glycosidic bonds which are formed in condensation reactions

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10
Q

describe glucose

A

monosaccharide containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule. It is the main substrate for respiration. It has 2 isomers beta and alpha

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11
Q

describe ribose

A

monosaccharide. pentose sugar which is a component of nucleic acid

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12
Q

maltose is made from

A

2 glucose

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13
Q

lactose is made from

A

glucose and galactose

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14
Q

sucrose is made from

A

glucose and fructose

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15
Q

polysaccharide

A

many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic boinds

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16
Q

disaccharide

A

formed in a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

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17
Q

which 2 polys are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

A

glycogen and starch
(cellulose is beta)

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18
Q

glycogen bonds

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

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19
Q

glycogen structure adaptations

A

large number of side branches meaning energy can be released quickly
large but compact maximising amount of energy that can be stored

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19
Q

starch

A

mixture of 2 other polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin

19
Q

amylose

A

1-4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched
coiled
very compact-store a lot of energy in one place
alpha glucose

19
Q

amylopectin

A

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
branched
rapidly digested by enzymes because of branches and energy is released quickly

20
Q

cellulose

A

threads made of long celloluse chains held together by hydrogen bonds form microfibrils which provide structural support in plants

21
Q

2 lipids

A

unsaturated- liquid at room temp
saturated-solid at room temp
double bond=weaker intermolecular forces

22
Q

triglycerides

A

non polar and hydrophobic
energy reserve in plant and animal cells
1 glycerol +3 fatty acids

23
Q

phosopholipids

A

one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate containing group
the heads are hydrophilic and the tails hydrophobic
phosopholipids form micelles when in contact with water
hydrophilic/phobic makes them semi permeable

24
Q

Groups a protein

A

amine group Nh2
r group
carboxyl group
h
all of this around a carbon

25
Q

amino acids in proteins are joined by

A

peptide bonds

26
Q

dipeptide

A

2 amino acids

27
Q

primary structure

A

order and number of amino acids in a protein

28
Q

what is a secondary structure

A

shape that the chain of amino acids folds into

29
Q

2 secondary structures

A

alpha helix
beta pleated plate

30
Q

how is the shape of the secondary structure determined

A

hydrogen bonding between slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen nitrogen or flourine
ionic bonds between oppositely charged r groups
disulphide bridges

31
Q

tertiary structure

A

3d shape of the protein

32
Q

2 diff tertiary structures

A

globular proteins eg enzymes compact and soluble
fibrous proteins eg keratinlong can form fibres insoluble

33
Q

collagen is

A

fibrous

34
Q

haemoglobin is

A

globular

35
Q

collagen is strong because

A

collagen molecules wrap around each other and form fibrils who form strong collagen fibres. Main component of tendons

36
Q

quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains closely packed together

37
Q

haemoglobin

A

4 globular sub units
each subunit is linked to haem
ham contains the iron oxygen binds to
2 alpha and 2 beta chains

38
Q

functions of globular proteins

A

enzymes
transport proteins
messenger proteins

39
Q

globular proteins

A

form micelles due to to hydrophobic parts of protein folding inwards
soluble as the hydrophilic parts on the outside

40
Q

fibrous proteins

A

polypeptide chains twisted together
non soluble

41
Q

galactose vs glucose structure

A

the oh on galactose goes up down up up

42
Q

saturated

A

means that the molecule contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

43
Q

bond that links 2 amino acids

A

peptide

44
Q

Amino acids are amphoteric

A

molecules contain both acidic and basic groups

45
Q
A

biology (16 decks)

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