biological molecules

Question 1

monosaccharide example

Answer 1

fructose galactose glucose

Question 2

what disaccharide is nota reducing sugar

Answer 2

sucrose

Question 3

what does benidicts sol test for

Answer 3

reducing sugars

Question 4

how to test for nonreducing sugar

Answer 4

break glycosidic bonds by acid-hydrolisis
add hcl and heat in a water bath and add sodium hydrogne carbonate heat with benedict sol

Question 5

centrifuge

Answer 5

removes precipitates

Question 6

test for lipids

Answer 6

emulsion test
add ethanol
shake
add water
turns milky

Question 7

monosaccharide

Answer 7

single most basic units of carbohydrates

Question 8

carbohydrates

Answer 8

molecule made of only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
long chains of sugars called saccharides

Question 9

how do monos form polys and dis

Answer 9

glycosidic bonds which are formed in condensation reactions

Question 10

describe glucose

Answer 10

monosaccharide containing 6 carbon atoms in each molecule. It is the main substrate for respiration. It has 2 isomers beta and alpha

Question 11

describe ribose

Answer 11

monosaccharide. pentose sugar which is a component of nucleic acid

Question 12

maltose is made from

Answer 12

2 glucose

Question 13

lactose is made from

Answer 13

glucose and galactose

Question 14

sucrose is made from

Answer 14

glucose and fructose

Question 15

polysaccharide

Answer 15

many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic boinds

Question 16

disaccharide

Answer 16

formed in a condensation reaction between 2 monosaccharides

Question 17

which 2 polys are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose

Answer 17

glycogen and starch
(cellulose is beta)

Question 18

glycogen bonds

Answer 18

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds

Question 19

glycogen structure adaptations

Answer 19

large number of side branches meaning energy can be released quickly
large but compact maximising amount of energy that can be stored

Question 19

starch

Answer 19

mixture of 2 other polysaccharides amylose and amylopectin

Question 19

amylose

Answer 19

1-4 glycosidic bonds
unbranched
coiled
very compact-store a lot of energy in one place
alpha glucose

Question 19

amylopectin

Answer 19

1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bonds
branched
rapidly digested by enzymes because of branches and energy is released quickly

Question 20

cellulose

Answer 20

threads made of long celloluse chains held together by hydrogen bonds form microfibrils which provide structural support in plants

Question 21

2 lipids

Answer 21

unsaturated- liquid at room temp
saturated-solid at room temp
double bond=weaker intermolecular forces

Question 22

triglycerides

Answer 22

non polar and hydrophobic energy reserve in plant and animal cells 1 glycerol +3 fatty acids

Question 23

phosopholipids

Answer 23

one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate containing group the heads are hydrophilic and the tails hydrophobic phosopholipids form micelles when in contact with water hydrophilic/phobic makes them semi permeable

Question 24

Groups a protein

Answer 24

amine group Nh2 r group carboxyl group h all of this around a carbon

Question 25

amino acids in proteins are joined by

Answer 25

peptide bonds

Question 26

dipeptide

Answer 26

2 amino acids

Question 27

primary structure

Answer 27

order and number of amino acids in a protein

Question 28

what is a secondary structure

Answer 28

shape that the chain of amino acids folds into

Question 29

2 secondary structures

Answer 29

alpha helix beta pleated plate

Question 30

how is the shape of the secondary structure determined

Answer 30

hydrogen bonding between slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen nitrogen or flourine ionic bonds between oppositely charged r groups disulphide bridges

Question 31

tertiary structure

Answer 31

3d shape of the protein

Question 32

2 diff tertiary structures

Answer 32

globular proteins eg enzymes compact and soluble fibrous proteins eg keratinlong can form fibres insoluble

Question 33

collagen is

Answer 33

fibrous

Question 34

haemoglobin is

Answer 34

globular

Question 35

collagen is strong because

Answer 35

collagen molecules wrap around each other and form fibrils who form strong collagen fibres. Main component of tendons

Question 36

quaternary structure

Answer 36

2 or more polypeptide chains closely packed together

Question 37

haemoglobin

Answer 37

4 globular sub units each subunit is linked to haem ham contains the iron oxygen binds to 2 alpha and 2 beta chains

Question 38

functions of globular proteins

Answer 38

enzymes transport proteins messenger proteins

Question 39

globular proteins

Answer 39

form micelles due to to hydrophobic parts of protein folding inwards soluble as the hydrophilic parts on the outside

Question 40

fibrous proteins

Answer 40

polypeptide chains twisted together non soluble

Question 41

galactose vs glucose structure

Answer 41

the oh on galactose goes up down up up

Question 42

saturated

Answer 42

means that the molecule contains the maximum number of hydrogen atoms

Question 43

bond that links 2 amino acids

Answer 43

peptide

Question 44

Amino acids are amphoteric

Answer 44

molecules contain both acidic and basic groups