disease infection and immunity

Question 1

pathogen that causes cholera

Answer 1

vibrio cholerae

Question 2

pathogen that causes malaria

Answer 2

plasmodium vivax/ovale/malariae

Question 3

pathogen that causes tuberculosis

Answer 3

mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 4

pathogen that causes HIV/aids

Answer 4

human immunodeficiency virus

Question 5

how is it transmitted and how to prevent cholera

Answer 5

water and food sources
improve sanitation and hygiene

Question 6

how is it transmitted and how to prevent malaria

Answer 6

infected female mosquitos
reduce number of mosquitos and prevent biting mosquito nets, Destroy habitat

Question 7

how is it transmitted and how to prevent tuberculosis

Answer 7

airborne water droplets from coughing and sneezing
use tb vaccine, cover mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, dont come in contact with others

Question 8

how is it transmitted HIV

Answer 8

sexually transmitted and in bodily fluids like blood
take him medicine, use clean needles, screen blood donations to make sure they are not HIV positive

Question 9

why do antibiotics not affect viruses

Answer 9

virus dont have a cell wall which can be attacked by antobiotics
virus reproduce in host cell

Question 10

penicillin acting on bacteria

Answer 10

autolysins hydrolyse peptide bonds which allow bacterial growth. penicillin irreversibly binds to the enzyme transpeptidase that form peptide bonds. As the cell grows autolysins continue to break down the cell wall and it becomes so weak the cells bursts due to somatic pressure

Question 11

neutrophil mode of action

Answer 11

chemotaxis
antibodies stimulate neutrophils to attack pathogens
endocytosis
secret digestive enzyme from lysosome into vacuole
neutrophils die

Question 12

self-antigen vs non-self antigen

Answer 12

non-self is any substance ore cell recognised by the immune system as foreign, stimulates an immune response
self- any substance produced by the body and does not stimulate an immune response

Question 13

primary immune response

Answer 13

when the body encounters a pathogen for the first time the immune system initiates antibody production which destroys the pathogen

Question 14

role of memory cells in secondary immune system

Answer 14

t and b memory cells are also produced so if body were to encounter same pathogen again it would immediately destroy it

Question 15

natural passive immunity

Answer 15

a mother passes on antibodies to baby through placenta

Question 16

active natural immunity

Answer 16

individual develops the disease and the immune system makes antibodies and memory cells

Question 17

lobed nucleus, granular cytoplasm, most common phagocyte(60%)

Answer 17

neutrophil

Question 17

why does neutrophil need lots of lysosomes

Answer 17

carrying out phagocytosis needs to break down pathogens

Question 17

bean shaped nucleus and non-granular cytoplasm

Answer 17

macrophage

Question 18

macrophage is a matured

Answer 18

monocyte

Question 19

non granular cytoplasm and large round nucleus

Answer 19

lymphocyte

Question 20

what’s bigger red or white blood cell

Answer 20

white blood cells are bigger

Question 21

phagocytes are produced in the

Answer 21

bone marrow

Question 22

neutrophils patrol tissues

Answer 22

constantly travel in blood

Question 23

are neutrophils long or short lived

Answer 23

short, they die after phagocytosis and from pus

Question 24

chemotaxis

Answer 24

histamine released by cells under attack and the presence of antibodies attract neutrophils to site where pathogens are located

Question 25

macrophages dont remain in blood they travel to

Answer 25

lungs, liver,spleen,kidney,lymph nodes

Question 26

what's bigger lymphocyte or phagocyte

Answer 26

phagocyte

Question 27

lymphocytes are made in the

Answer 27

bone marrow

Question 28

T cells mature in the

Answer 28

thymus

Question 29

B cells mature in the

Answer 29

bone marrow

Question 30

b and T cell receptor differences

Answer 30

B cell has glycoprotein antibody receptor

Question 31

antibody structure

Answer 31

2 light 2 heavy chains disulphide bonds linking chains variable region(antigen binding site) hinge region

Question 32

maturing of b lymphocytes

Answer 32

genes that code for antibody change so it codes for one specific antibody specialised B cell divides via mitosis to produced clones with the same type of antibody antibodies can bond to specific antigens

Question 33

b lymphocytes during immune response

Answer 33

clonal selection clonal expansion some daughter cells become plasma cells and other cells become memory cells

Question 34

plasma cells

Answer 34

produce antibodies and secrete them into blood lymph and lining of lungs which bind to antigens

Question 35

clonal expansion

Answer 35

rapid mitosis of specific antibody producing cells

Question 36

clonal selection

Answer 36

identification of an antibody producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of a specific antigen

Question 37

memory cells

Answer 37

memory cells produced in primary response divide by mitosis and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells. specific anitobides can be produced quickly and in large quantities before symptoms of the pathogen develop

Question 38

memory cells provide

Answer 38

immunological memory

Question 39

plasma cell adaptations

Answer 39

extensive network of rer for protein synthesis and many mitochondria to provide app for protein synthesis and movement of exocytosis

Question 40

functions of T cells during immune response

Answer 40

antigen presentation attracts T cells and stimulates them to divide by mitosis

Question 41

t helper cells are activated by

Answer 41

antigen presenting macrophage or infected body cell

Question 42

what do helper t cells do

Answer 42

release chemicals called cytokines stimulating B cells to divide by mitosis and form plasma and memory cells and cytokines that stimulate killer T cells to divide by mitosis and differentiate by producing vacuoles full of toxins

Question 43

what to killer T cells do

Answer 43

their receptors bind to the non self antigens on the cell surface membrane of the infected cells and the killer T cells attach themselves tot eh surface on infected cells. they punch hole in the cell surface membrane of the infected body cells they infect the body cell and the pathogen inside

Question 44

what are killer T cells activated by

Answer 44

antigen presenting macrophages or infected body cells or helper T cells

Question 45

active artificial immunity

Answer 45

vaccine injects inactive pathogen to activate an immune response and antibody production

Question 46

passive artificial immunity

Answer 46

injection of antibodies from another animal

Question 47

non specific responses of body

Answer 47

phagocytosis inflammation interferon

Question 48

t helper cells

Answer 48

stimulate B cells and t killer cells to divide

Question 49

t killer cells

Answer 49

destroy pathogen infected cells by punching hole in cell membrane

Question 50

long term use of memory cells

Answer 50

replicate themselves when exposed to invading pathogen and remain in the lymph nodes searching for the same antigen resulting in a much faster immune response

Question 51

how do antibodies kill pathogen

Answer 51

combine w/virus to prevent them entering cell multiple antigen binding sites causing agglutination reducing spread

Question 52

cholera control

Answer 52

Ready access to treatments such as oral rehydration therapy; a solution containing glucose, salts and water Monitoring programmes by the World Health Organisation (WHO) Using antibiotics in severe cases

Question 53

is there a vaccine for cholera

Answer 53

yes

Question 54

is cholera a bacteria or virus

Answer 54

bacteria

Question 55

preventing maleria

Answer 55

Reducing the number of Anopheles mosquitoes in an area Spraying living areas with insecticides Spreading oil over the surface of water bodies in which mosquitoes breed Draining marshes and other unnecessary bodies of water Ensuring ponds and irrigation or drainage ditches are stocked with fish that feed on mosquito larvae Unfortunately, mosquitoes lay eggs in even very small puddles and pools of water and therefore it is practically impossible to control all breeding sites using the methods listed above Reducing the chance of being bitten by these mosquitoes People in malarial zones should sleep under bed nets, which can also be soaked periodically in insecticide to increase effectiveness, People should avoid exposing their skin at dusk when mosquitoes are most active Using drugs to prevent Plasmodium infecting humans Drugs, such as chloroquine and mefloquine, are taken before, during and after a visit to a location where malaria is prevalent. The use of these drugs has resulted in drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium The drugs are expensive and can have disagreeable side-effects

Question 56

prevention of tb

Answer 56

Prevention of TB occurs through the use of the BCG vaccine The vaccine protects up to 70-80% of those who receive it, although its effectiveness decreases with age The form of TB that can be transmitted between cattle and humans (caused by Mycobacterium bovis) can be prevented by: Routinely testing cattle for TB and destroying those that test positive Pasteurising milk; this kills any TB-causing bacteria present in the milk Ensuring that meat is cooked properly