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Y13 A2 Biology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

Mitochondia

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2
Q

What are the 4 parts of the mitochondria?

A

Crista
Matrix
Inner membrane
Outer membrane

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3
Q

What is a co-enzyme?

A

Molecule that adds the function of an enzyme by transferring a chemical group from one molecule to another

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4
Q

What are co-enzymes involved in respiration?

A

NAD
FAD
Co-enzyme A

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5
Q

What are the 4 stages of respiration?

A

Glycolysis
Link reaction
Krebs cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation

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6
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

In the cytoplasm

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7
Q

What are the two steps in glycolysis?

A

1) phosphorylation

2) oxidation

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8
Q

Outline glycolysis.

A

Glucose is phosphorylated by ATP which produces ADP and glucose phosphate
The glucose phosphate is phosphorylated again to by another ATP molecule to form hexose biphosphate
Hexose biphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate
Triose phosphate is then oxidised, 2 ATP for each triose phosphate molecule is produced and so is 1 NADH for each to produce two molecules of pyruvate

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9
Q

Where does the NADH produced in glycolysis go?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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10
Q

Where does the pyruvate produced in glycolysis go?

A

Link reaction in the matrix

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11
Q

Where does the link reaction take place?

A

Matrix in mitochondria

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12
Q

Outline the link reaction.

A

The pyruvate is decarboxylated by pyruvate decarboxylase, losing a carbon in the form of carbon dioxide and then oxidised to form acetate
Acetate joins with co-enzyme A to form acetyl co-enzyme A

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13
Q

What are the products of the link reaction?

A

2 acetyl co-enzyme A
2 carbon dioxide
2 Reduced NAD

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14
Q

Where does the acetyl co-enzyme A go?

A

to the Krebs cycle

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15
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place

A

in the matrix

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16
Q

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

A

Coenzymes and ATP

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17
Q

where does the reduced NAD produced in the link reaction go?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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18
Q

Outline the Krebs cycle

A

The coenzyme A goes back to the link reaction and the 2 carbon acetate joins with 4 carbon oxaloacetate to form 6 carbon compound citrate.
Citrate is then decarboxylated and oxidised, turning NAD into NADH, to form a 5 carbon compound
This 5carbon compound is then decarboxylated again, dehydrogenation occurs, turning one molecule of FAD into FADH and 2 molecules of NAD into NADH. Also ATP is formed from ADP and Pi. This forms oxaloacetate which starts the cycle again

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19
Q

What is the point of glycolysis, link reaction and Krebs cycle?

A

To make NADH and FADH for oxidative phosphorylation

20
Q

What two things oxidative phosphorylation include?

A

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

21
Q

What is the first stage in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Hydrogen atoms are released from NADH and FADH as they are oxidised to NAD and FAD.
The hydrogen atoms split into H+ and e-

22
Q

What is the second stage in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The electrons move down the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier

23
Q

What is the third stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The energy is used by electron carriers to actively transport H+ ions from the matrix into the intermembrane space

24
Q

What is the 4th stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The concentration of H+ ions is now higher in the inter membrane space than the matrix so there is an electrochemical gradient

25
Q

What is the 5th stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Protons move down the electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase and drive the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi, known as chemiosmosis

26
Q

What is the 6th stage of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

At the end of the chain in the matrix, the protons, electrons and oxygen from the blood combine to form water

27
Q

What is oxygen known as in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Final electron acceptor

28
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced from each reduced NAD?

A

2.5

29
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced for each reduced FAD?

A

1.5

30
Q

How many ATP molecule are produced in glycolysis?

A

2

31
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation from the 2 NADH produced in glycolysis?

A

5

32
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation from the 2 NADH produced in the link reaction?

A

5

33
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

2

34
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation from the 6 NADH produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

15

35
Q

How many ATP molecules are produced in oxidative phosphorylation from the 2 FADH produced in the Krebs cycle?

A

3

36
Q

How many molecules of ATP are produced all together in respiration from one molecule of glucose?

A

32

37
Q

Outline alcoholic fermentation.

A

Pyruvate is decarboxylated into ethanal and then reduced as NADH is turned into NAD to produce ethanol

38
Q

Outline lactate fermentation.

A

Pyruvate is reduced into lactate

39
Q

What are alcoholic fermentation and lactate fermentation examples of?

A

Anaerobic respiration

40
Q

Where does alcoholic fermentation occur?

A

in plants and yeast

41
Q

Where does lactate fermentation occur?

A

In animal cells and some bacteria

42
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration with oxygen

43
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without oxygen

44
Q

What is the equation for respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O

45
Q

Suggest an advantage of some of the lactate being converted back to pyruvate in the muscles when they are well supplied with oxygen (1 mark)

A

The pyruvate can then be used in aerobic respiration

Y13 A2 Biology (45 decks)

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