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Y13 A2 Biology > Muscle structure > Flashcards

Muscle structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What are three types of muscle?

A

Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal

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2
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

Contracts without conscious control but only found in heart

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3
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

Contracts without conscious control and found in the walls of internal organs

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4
Q

What is skeletal muscle?

A

Type of muscle you use to move

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5
Q

What attaches skeletal muscle to bones?

A

Tendons

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6
Q

What attaches bones to other bones?

A

Ligaments

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7
Q

What moves bones at a joint?

A

Pairs of skeletal muscle that contract and relax as the bones of the skeleton are incompressible so they act as levers, giving the muscle something to pull against

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8
Q

What are antagonistic pairs?

A

Muscles that work together to move a bone

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9
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what is the contracting muscle?

A

Agonist

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10
Q

In an antagonistic pair, what is the relaxing muscle?

A

Antagonist

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11
Q

What happens when the biceps contract?

A

The triceps relax
Pulls the bone so your arm bends at the elbow
Bicep is agonist
Tricep is antagonist

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12
Q

What happens when the triceps contract?

A

The biceps relax
Pulls the bone so your arm straightens at the elbow
Tricep is agonist
Bicep is antagonist

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13
Q

What is skeletal muscle made up of?

A

Large bundles of long cells, called muscle fibres

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14
Q

What is the membrane of a muscle fibre called?

A

Sarcolemma

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15
Q

What is a sarcoplasm?

A

A muscle cell’s cytoplasm

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16
Q

What are transverse (T) tubules?

A

Folds of the sarcolemma which go into the sarcoplasm

17
Q

What do T tubules do?

A

They help to spread electrical impulses throughout the sarcoplasm so they reach all parts of the muscle fibre

18
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network of internal membranes

19
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Stores and releases calcium ions that are needed for muscle contraction

20
Q

What do muscle fibres have a lot of to provide the ATP for muscle contraction?

A

Mitochondria

21
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

long, cylindrical organelles found in muscle fibres

22
Q

What are myofibrils made up of?

A

Proteins

23
Q

What do myofibrils contain?

A

Thick and thin myofilaments that move past each other to make muscles contract

24
Q

What are thick myofilaments made up of?

A

Myosin

25
Q

What are thin myofilaments made up of?

A

Actin

26
Q

What are A bands?

A

Dark bands of thick myosin filaments and some overlapping thin actin filaments

27
Q

What does the I band contain?

A

only contains thin actin filaments

28
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A short unit which lots make up myofibril

29
Q

What is the Z-line?

A

Marks the end of a sarcomere

30
Q

What is the M-line?

A

The middle of the sarcomere which is also the middle of the thick myosin filaments

31
Q

What is the H-zone?

A

only contains thick myosin filaments

32
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

Myosin and actin filaments slide over one another to make sarcomeres contract

33
Q

In the sliding filament theory, what causes the myofibrils and muscle fibres to contract?

A

The simultaneous contraction of lots of sarcomeres

34
Q

What happens to the structure of a sarcomere during contraction?

A

A-Bands stay the same length
I-band gets shorter
H-zones get shorter
The distance between the two Z-lines becomes shorter

Y13 A2 Biology (45 decks)

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