Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

where does respiration occur

A

in the lungs

maintains PH, oxygen, and CO2

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2
Q

Animals must exchange the respiratory gases

A

O2 and CO2 via passive diffusion

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3
Q

Gas exchange systems are made up of:

A
Specialized surfaces where gas can move
between the body and the environment
• Mechanisms that ventilate the
environmental side and perfuse the
internal side

Faster diffusion–>faster exchange–> possibly better metabolism

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4
Q

Partial pressure

A

concentration of a gas in a mixture of gasses

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5
Q

Fick’s law of diffusion

A

applies to all gas exchange of systems
Q=DA(P1-P2)/L)

Q= rate of diffusion
D= diffusion coefficient
A=area across which gases diffuse

P1 and P2= partial pressures of gas at two locations

L=distance btw the locations
(P1-P2)/L: partial pressure gradient

surface area (A) x concentration difference (P1-P2) x membrane permeability (D)/ membrane thickness (L)

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6
Q

what plays a role in membrane permeability

A

lipid solubility and molecular size

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7
Q

increase in surface area (A)

A

faster rate of diffusion

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8
Q

increasing concentration difference (P1-P2)

A

faster rate of diffusion

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9
Q

increasing permeability (D)

A

faster rate of diffusion

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10
Q

increased membrane thickness

A

slower rate of diffusion

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11
Q

adaptations to maximize respiratory gas exchange

A

increase surface area (A)

maximize partial pressure gradients (p1-p2)
(decrease partial pressure in tissues)

minimize diffusion path length (L)
thinner tissues in gills and lungs

maximize diffusion that takes place into and in aqueous medium
circulating blood and active moving of air and water

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12
Q

insects have

A

spiracles where air diffuses into the body

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13
Q

fish have

A

gill slits that increase surface area with thin layers

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14
Q

ventilation

A

breathing

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15
Q

tidal volume

A

normal amount of air exchanged breathing at rest

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16
Q

expiratory reserve

A

volume of additional air that can be forcefully exhaled

17
Q

inspiratory reserve

A
  • additional capacity of the lungs enables deepest breath
18
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air left in lungs after maximum exhalation

AIR CAN’T BE EXPELLED FROM LUNGS

will NEVER GO TO 0

19
Q

Vital Capacity

A

(VC)= TV+ IRV+ERV

20
Q

Functional residual volume (FRV)

21
Q

Residual volume contributes

A

to FRV and to dilution of O2 in inhaled air

22
Q

thoracic cavity

A

where human lungs are suspended inside this

23
Q

diaphragm

A

a sheet of muscle at the

bottom of the cavity.

24
Q

pleural membrane

A

covers each lung and
lines the thoracic cavity.

The pleural space contains fluid to help the membranes
slide past each other during breathing.

25
negative pressure
created in the pleural space when the volume of the thoracic cavity increases. slight negative pressure keeps alveoli inflated, even in between breaths.
26
surfactant
reduces the surface tension of a liquid. gives the surface of a liquid the properties of an elastic membrane; results from attraction between water molecules makes it easier to breathe allows the inflation of the lungs one of the last things to develop in newborns
27
fluid covering inside of the alveoli
has reduced surface tension that makes the lungs elastic. Lung surfactant is released by cells in the alveoli when they are stretched. It is critical for reducing the work needed to inflate the lungs. Premature babies may not have developed the ability to make lung surfactant; without it, they have great difficulty breathing and may die from exhaustion and lack of O2. Treatments include respirators, hormones to speed lung development, and aerosol surfactants. 2
28
purpose
All this gas exchange occur in the alveoli o VERY VERY thin blood vessels and alveoli that allows gas exchange o Oxygen goes from alveoli to the capillaries to oxygenate red blood cells (RBC)
29
transport of gases
requires hemoglobin
30
structure/function of hemoglobin
4 subunits and Heme group § 4 places for oxygen to bind § 2 places for CO2 to bind § When oxygen binds to Hb, CO2 doesn’t like to bind. § When CO2 binds to Hb, oxygen doesn’t like to bind. § Sigmoidal binding curve