Ch 14&16: Transcription and Translation

Question 1

genome

Answer 1

entire collection of all DNA of an organism

Question 2

transcription

Answer 2

process where RNAP II copies one of the two strands of DNA to make RNA

Question 3

mRNA

Answer 3

messenger RNA
encodes a sequence that a ribosome can copy (translation) to make a protein

only class of RNA that is translated by ribosomes into a protein

Question 4

rRNA

Answer 4

makes ribosomes

Question 5

tRNA

Answer 5

transfer RNA

used during RNA

Question 6

snRNA

Answer 6

small nuclear RNA

helps with RNA processing (splicing)

Question 7

siRNA

Answer 7

small interfering RNA

helps regulate protein levels

Question 8

ncRNA

Answer 8

noncoding RNA

helps regulate gene expression

Question 9

Gene expression

Answer 9

the name given to the entire process leading from transcription to translation

Question 10

regulation of gene expression

Answer 10

the control of the processes of transcription and translation

Question 11

Kinds of RNAps

Answer 11

most bacteria have one RNAP

eukaryotes have 3 RNAPs, RNAP I (rRNA), RNAP II (mRNA and snRNA), RNAP III (tRNA)

RNAP II is the one used for transcription and translation

Question 12

Does RNAP require a primer?

Answer 12

NO

can synthesize an entire RNA without falling off (processive)

Question 13

In what direction does RNA synthesis proceed in?

Answer 13

5’-3’

Question 14

template strand or transcribed strand

Answer 14

DNA strand being copied by RNAP

Question 15

non-transcribed strand

Answer 15

strand not being copied

Question 16

RNAP structure

Answer 16

Eukaryotic RNAPs have 12 subunits or peptides (Rpb 1-12)

bacterial RNAPs have five subunints or peptides, alpha, beta, beta prime, etc

Question 17

initiation

Answer 17

RNAP finds the place to start transcription with the help of TxF’s

aka Tss and the first template base is +1

Question 18

elongation

Answer 18

RNAP leaves the start site and synthesizes RNA

Question 19

Termination

Answer 19

RNAP is stopped and RNAP is released from the DNA

Question 20

where does initiation occur in bacteria

Answer 20

sigma subunit recognizes two specific sequences in DNA that are located at -10 sequence and -35 sequence

In order for RNA synthesis to being, the non-transcribed DNA must be separated from the transcribed strand which is also done by sigma

sigma dissociated from RNAP in the elongation phase

Question 21

where does initiation occur in eukaryotes

Answer 21

none of the 12 subunits of eukaryotic RNAP recognize a specific DNA sequence

auxiliary transcription factors (GTFs) bind to specific sequences near the vicinity of the TSS and assist RNAP to find where to start RNA synthesis