Heart

Question 1

a circulatory system contains

Answer 1

muscular pump: heart
fluid: blood
series of conduits: blood vessels
aka CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

Question 2

birds and mammals have

Answer 2

four chambered hearts and separate pulmonary and systemic circuits

Question 3

Human heart has

Answer 3

four chambers—

two atria and two ventricles

Question 4

right ventricle

Answer 4

pumps blood

through the pulmonary circuit

Question 5

left ventricle

Answer 5

pumps blood through

the systemic circuit

Question 6

hormones

Answer 6

regulate arterial pressure

Question 7

epinephrine

Answer 7

released from adrenal medulla in response to a fall in arterial pressure or the
“fight-or flight” response&raquo_space;> arterioles contract

Question 8

agiotensin

Answer 8

—produced when blood supply to the kidneys fails; reduces flow to peripheral
tissues and directs it to essential organs

Question 9

Vasopressin, or antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 9

is released in response to low baroreceptor

activity

Question 10

(Baroreceptors

Answer 10

receptors sensitive to blood pressure)

Question 11

Depending on activity of ADH:

Answer 11

The kidneys absorb more water to increase blood pressure,

Or kidneys excrete more water to lower blood pressure.

Question 12

Bowman’s capsule

Answer 12

site of blood filtration, urine goes through glomeruli

Question 13

proximal convoluted tube

Answer 13

site of reabsorption of needed substances (proteins, vitamins,
glucose, etc.)

close, bulk transport

Question 14

loop of henle

Answer 14

site of reabsorption of water and salt

Question 15

Distal convoluted tube

Answer 15

site of regulation of water, urea, salts, etc.

Distal= far, fine-tuning

Question 16

Nephron pathway

Answer 16

Blood filtration into Bowman’s capsule
• Reabsorption of needed substances in proximal
convoluted tubule (proteins, vitamins, glucose, etc.)
• Reabsorption of water and salt in the loop of Henle
• Concentration of waste in the distal convoluted tubule
(urea, salts, etc.)

Question 17

hormones that regulate arterial pressure involved in negative feedback in kidneys:

Answer 17

epinephrine, angiotensin, vasopressin

Question 18

the kidneys

Answer 18

absorb more water and increase blood pressire

Question 19

increased baroreceptor activity

Answer 19

inhibits the release of ADH and kidneys excrete more water

Question 20

negative feedback loops on left

Answer 20

If low arterial pressure (BP): Less stretching in arterial receptors > Hypothalamus releases
ADH > ADH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water to raise BP ^

Question 21

negative feedback loops on right

Answer 21

If low arterial pressure (BP): Kidney failure > Kidney releases renin > activates angiotensin to
raise BP ^

Question 22

positive feedback loop

Answer 22

If low arterial pressure (BP): Adrenal gland secretes epinephrine to raise BP ^

Question 23

hypothalamus

Answer 23

can stimulate
release of
antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
from the
posterior
pituitary

Question 24

ADH

Answer 24

acts on
collecting duct
cells to insert
aquaporins and
increase
permeability to
water.

Question 25

Rise in blood osmolarity

Answer 25

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus detect an increase in osmolarity and stimulate ADH release

renal excretion of solutes and reabsorption of H2O decrease blood osmolarity

in the kidney: ADH increases permeability of collecting duct cells and distal tubule cells to H2O

Question 26

rise in blood pressure

Answer 26

stretch receptors in the aorta and carotid artery detect increases in blood pressure and inhibit ADH release

decrease in blood pressure lessens the inhibition and promotes ADH release

Fall in blood pressure