Plant and Animal Physiology

Question 1

how are complex multicellular animals made possible

Answer 1

a stable internal environment of extracellular fluid

cells are specialized to maintain the internal environment of the organism

Question 2

external functions

Answer 2

transport of nutrients and waste and maintenance of ion concentrations

Question 3

internal functions

Answer 3

circulation, energy storage, movement, and information processing

Question 4

what makes up the extracellular fluid

Answer 4

blood plasma and interstitial fluid that bathes each cell

Question 5

plasma

Answer 5

fluid portion of the blood and is 20% of all extracellular fluid

Question 6

intracellular fluid

Answer 6

66% of total body water

exchanges molecules with the interstitial fluid

Question 7

intersitial fluid

Answer 7

remaining 80% of extracellular fluid that bathes the cells of the body

Question 8

homeostasis

Answer 8

maintencance of stable conditions in an internal environment

Question 9

physiological systems are controlled by

Answer 9

nervous and endocrine systems

Question 10

regulation of the internal environment requires

Answer 10

information

Question 11

endocrine system

Answer 11

a system of hormone-secreting glands, each of which secretes a type
of hormone directly into the bloodstream to regulate the body.

Question 12

set point

Answer 12

reference point

Question 13

feedback/feedforward information

Answer 13

what is happening in the system

Question 14

error signal

Answer 14

any difference between the set point and feedback information

Question 15

Effectors

Answer 15

effect changes in the internal environment

controlled by regulatory systems

many are the basis for organ systems

Question 16

analogy for information

Answer 16

speed limit is the set point

speedometer provides feedback

difference between the two is the ERROR SIGNAL

feedforward: seeing a deer on the road and therefore changing the set point by slowing down

driver is the regulatory system by using feedback information to control the brakes and accelerator

Question 17

regulatory systems

Answer 17

Obtain, integrate, and process information

• Issue commands to controlled systems
• Contain sensors to provide feedback information that is compared to the set point

Question 18

Sensory information in regulatory systems includes:

Answer 18

negative feedback and posiitve feedback and feed-forward info

Question 19

negative feedback

Answer 19

Causes effectors to counteract the influence that creates an error
signal

Question 20

positive feedback

Answer 20

Amplifies a response. Increases deviation from a set poin

Question 21

feed-forward info

Answer 21

Anticipates internal changes and changes the set point.

Question 22

Physiological systems are made up of

Answer 22

organs that serve specific functions.

Question 23

Organs made up of

Answer 23

tissues, which

are then made up of cells.

Question 24

epithelial tissue

Answer 24

sheets of tightly connected epithelial cells

create boundaries between the
inside and the outside of the body. Some line blood
vessels and hollow organs.

Question 25

connective tissue

Answer 25

dispersed cells in a secreted | extracellular matrix.

Question 26

muscle tissue

Answer 26

elongated cells that | generate force and cause movement.

Question 27

nervous tissue

Answer 27

(neurons & | glial cells for information using action potentials).

Question 28

epithelial cells

Answer 28

control filtration and transport of molecules and ions Thin squamous cells in the lungs move substances across them.

Question 29

functions of connective tissues

Answer 29

cartilage, bone, adipose, blood

Question 30

cartilage

Answer 30

provides structural support and is flexible—has chondrocytes, cells that secrete the extracellular matrix

Question 31

bone

Answer 31

provides support and is hardened by calcium phosphate deposition in the matrix–made by osteoblasts

Question 32

adipose

Answer 32

tissue includes adipose cells | that form and store lipids

Question 33

blood

Answer 33

consists of blood cells in a very liquid extracellular matrix; the blood plasma

Question 34

extracellular matrix of connective tissues contains

Answer 34

protein fibers: collagen and elastin

Question 35

collagen

Answer 35

strong and resistant to stretch, supports skin and connections between muscles and bones

Question 36

elastin

Answer 36

can be stretched and then recoils— found in tissues that stretch (e.g., lungs, arteries)

Question 37

types of muscle tissues

Answer 37

skeletal, cardiacm smooth

Question 38

skeletal

Answer 38

—responsible for locomotion and other body movements (e.g., breathing, walking, shivering)

Question 39

cardiac

Answer 39

—makes up the heart and is responsible | for the heartbeat and blood flow

Question 40

smooth

Answer 40

involved in movement and generation of forces in internal organs (e.g., gut, blood vessels)

Question 41

wall of the gut contains four types of tissue

Answer 41

epithelial: digestive tract; secrete digestive juices and hormones; absorb nutrients connective: mucosa that underlines the epithelium e and c cover abdominal organs and line the abdominal cavity smooth: move food through the gut nervous: controls and coordinates contractions of the smooth muscle