Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 12 > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Alveoli

A

microscopic air sacs containing blood vessels, moist membranes allow for gas diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

taking air in

A

inspiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

expelling air

A

expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

average rate of breathing

A

14-20 breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Path through respiratory system

A

nasal/oral cavity
pharynx
larynx (voice box)
trachea (wind pipe)
bronchi (primary, secondary, tertiary)
bronchioles
alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • air enters nostrils
  • hair filters particles
  • air is warmed and moistened
  • moist, mucous secreting epithelium (moistens air, helps trap dust/dirt, covered in cilia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

epithelium

A

tissue that secretes mucous (found in nasal cavity), covered in cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pharynx

A
  • begins behind nasal cavity
  • extends to epiglottis
  • passageway for food and air
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Larynx

A

voice box, contains vocal cords, cartilaginous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Trachea

A
  • wind pipe
  • tube enforced with cartilage to keep airway open during inhalation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why is the trachea enforced with cartilage?

A

cartilage prevents trachea from collapsing during inhalation (inhalation caused by suction from the movement of diapragm that would collapse trachea otherwisse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Bronchi

A
  • branches at end of trachea
  • enters lungs
  • continues to branch (primary, secondary, tertiary)
  • ends in respiratory bronchioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Alveoli

A
  • region of gas exchange
  • air on one side, blood capillaries on other (2 cells thick)
  • moist layer of fluid (surfactant) between air and alveolar membrane (inside of alveoli)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Surfactant

A

moist layer of fluid between air and alveolar membrane that breaks surface tension, preventing alveoli from collapsing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

role of cilia

A
  • particles trapped in mucus above cilia
  • cilia sweep out particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

respiration rate

A

breaths per minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

medulla oblogata role

A

adjust levels of oxygen present in body by changing breath rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

air flow & pressure in lungs

A
  • air flow due to pressure differences
    • low pressure causes air to flow in
    • high pressure causes air to leave
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

role of muscles

A

muscles cause pressure differences (muscles compress = high pressure, muscles relax/give more room for lungs = low pressure)
- diaphragm
- intercostal muscles (between ribs)
- external - quiet breathing (expiration is passive process)
- internal - deep breathing (expiration is an active process)

20
Q

Mechanism of Inspiration

A
  • chemoreceptors (aorta & carotid) detect high CO2 (as HCO3-) or H+
  • sends signal to medulla oblongata which sends signal to muscles
  • diaphragm contracts (flattens) and intercostal muscles contract (ribs move up & out), increasing volume of thoracic cavity
  • lungs expand to decrease pressure inside
  • air flows inside to equilize the low pressure
21
Q

Mechanism of Expiration

A
  • stretch receptors activated by expanded lungs
  • medulla oblonagta stops sending signal to muscles & muscles return to shape
  • thoracic volume decreases, pressure increases
  • pressure greater than outside, air is forced out
22
Q

muscles during inhalation

A

diaphragm flattens, intercostal muscles move rib up and out

23
Q

muscles during expiration

A

diaphragm relaxes back to dome shape, intercostal muscles move rib down & in

24
Q

Tidal Volume

A

air normally exchanged per breath (around 500ml, 350ml make it to alveoli)

25
Q

vital capacity

A
  • maximum inspiration followed by maximum expiration
  • total lung capacity minus residual volume
26
Q

Residual Volume

A

amount left in lungs after max expiration

27
Q

How is Oxygen carried in the blood?

A
  • 98.5% attaches to hemoglobin on RBC (oxyhemoglobin)
  • 1.5% dissolves in plasma
28
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide carried in the blood?

A
  • 25% in RBC (carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2))
  • 6% dissolved in plasma as CO2
  • 69% carried in plasma as bicarbonate ions (HCO3-)
29
Q

pleural membrane

A

-double layered membrane or sack that suspends the lungs
- adhere to inner wall of ribcage and upper surface of diaphragm

30
Q

Visceral Pleura

A
  • inner layer of membrane
  • attached to surface of lung
31
Q

Parietal Pleura

A
  • outer layer of membrane
  • attached to lining of thorax
32
Q

Pleural Cavity & surfactant

A
  • a potential space or cavity between visceral and parietal pleura
    • potential - could be a space, but is normally filled with surfactant
  • surfactant binds the two layers so that they both expand by the movement of ribcage or diaphragm, and so that lungs move as well
33
Q

Right Shift on Hemoblogin Saturation Curve

A
  • Caused by increased respiration rate (exercise, high temp, high CO2)
  • Hb has a lower affinity for O2 (binds less)
  • pH becomes acidic (pH 7) due to more H+ ions (high CO2)
34
Q

Left Shift on Hb Saturation Curve

A
  • caused by decreased respiration rate (cold, decreased CO2 etc)
  • Hb has a higher affinity for O2 (more binding)
  • alkalosis hypocapnia (low H+ - increased pH)
35
Q

acidosis hypercapnia

A

Too much CO2 (more H+ ions), decreased pH (7.0)

36
Q

alkalosis hypocapnia

A

Low CO2, low H+, high pH, basic (7)

37
Q

What happens when air gets into the pleural cavity?

A

if air gets into the pleural cavity (ex from stab wound), the lungs will collapse (air equilizes pressure and lungs cant expand)

38
Q

Outer layer of pleural membrane

A

parietal pleura, attached to thorax (chest)

39
Q

inner layer of pleural membrane

A

visceral pleura, attached to surface of lung

40
Q

how much air exchanged per breath (tidal volume)

A

500 ml

41
Q

how much air makes it to the tissues

A

~350ml

42
Q

where on the saturation curve does Hb have a higher affinity for O2?

A

left side

43
Q

removal of microbes & debris from respiratory tract & lungs

A

cilia in bronchus and trachea move mucus up, out of the respiratory system

44
Q

structure that maintains negative pressure in the thoracic cavity

A

pleural membrane

45
Q

how does pH relate to inspiration

A

high CO2 or H+ (decreased, acidic pH) is detected by chemoreceptors, causing medulla to contract muscles

46
Q

smooth muscle

A

allows trachea to contract and narrow

47
Q

tissue that secretes mucous in nasal cavity

A

epithelium

Biology 12 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions