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Biology 12 > Circulatory System & Blood > Flashcards

Circulatory System & Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Arterioles

A

branches off of arteries that carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

capillaries

A

allows for exchange of material, contains pre-capillary sphincter

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3
Q

Venules

A

smaller veins that merge into the main veins

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4
Q

Valves in Veins

A

allow blood to flow back to the heart in one direction

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5
Q

Types of Capillaries

A

Classified by diameter and permeability
- continuous - do not have fenestrae (pores)
- fenestrated - have pores/fenestrae
- sinusoidal - large diameter with large fenestrae

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6
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

degeneration of arteries, making them less elastic

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • deposition of plaque on walls
  • build up of plaque decreases area for blood flow
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8
Q

Cross Sectional Area

A
  • as diameter of vessel decreases, the total cross-sectional area increases, and velocity of blood flow decreases
  • smaller vessels = more branching = slower blood flow
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9
Q

Myocardium

A

straited (one direction), involuntary (contracts without consious control), branched cardiac muscles

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10
Q

Coronary Blood Vessels

A

Myocardium’s (cardiac muscle) network of blood vessels surrounding top of heart like a crown

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11
Q

Septum

A

Seperates left and right side of heart

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12
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

aka heart strings, hold down atrioventricular valves

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13
Q

Heart Structure

A

Consists of 2 pumps (1 to body, 1 to lungs), 4 chambers, 1 way valves seperate the chambers

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14
Q

Heart Function

A
  • generate blood pressure
  • route blood - seperates pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (rest of body) circulation
  • ensures one way blood flow (heart valves)
  • regulates blood supply
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15
Q

How does the heart regulate blood supply?

A

changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

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16
Q

Cardiac Muscle Fibres

A

fibres wrap around cardiac muscle to allow for contraction in 2 directions

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17
Q

Systemic Vessels/path

A

transport blood through most body parts from left ventricle to right atrium

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18
Q

Pulmonary Vessels/Path

A

transport blood from right ventricle, through lungs, back to left atrium

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19
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures blood pressure (120mm Hg/80mm Hg)

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20
Q

Systole

A

contraction of heart muscle

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21
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of heart muscle

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22
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  1. atrial systole, ventricular diastole (0.15s)
  2. atrial diastole, ventricular systole (0.30s)
  3. atrial diastole, ventricular diastole (0.40s)
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23
Q

Perkinje Fibres

A

transmits signal from AV node to ventricle

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24
Q

electrocardiogram PQRST

A
  • P-Wave = atrial systole
  • QRS complex = ventricular systole
  • T-wave = ventricular diastole
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25
Pulse
expansion and contraction of arteries due to force generated by **contraction of the left ventricle**
26
Heart Sounds
- First Sound “lubb” - AV valve and surrounding fluid vibrates as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole - Second Sound “dupp” - closure of aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer - Third Sound (occassional) - turbulent blood flow into ventricles, detected near first one-third of diastole
27
monitoring of blood pressure
pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries monitor blood pressure
28
rectification of immediate changes in blood pressure
done by regulation of heartbeat and constriction of vessels
29
Four Features in Fetus Circulation
1. umbilical veins and arteries 2. oval opening & foramen ovale - bypass lungs 3. arterial duct - bypass lungs 4. venous duct (ductus venosus) - bypass liver
30
structure of veins/arteries
inner layer (endothelium) middle layer (elastic tissue, smooth muscle) outer layer (fibrous connective tissue) *vein contains valve
30
Atrium
blood enters heart
30
ventricle
blood leaves heart
31
aorta
major artery, blood leaves left ventricle
32
Posterior/Superior Vena Cava
major vein, blood enters right atrium
33
AV Valve
seperate atria and ventricles, prevent blood from going back up during ventricular systole
34
Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve
separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery
35
Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve
seperates left ventricle and aorta
36
blood vessels to/from the head
Carotid Artery - brings oxygenated blood from aorta to head Jugular Vein - collect deoxygenated blood from head back to superior vena cava
37
blood vessels to/from arms/upper body
Subclavian Artery - below the clavicle, brings oxygenated blood from aorta to arms, neck, head Subclavian Vein - below clavicle, brings deoxygenated blood back from arms, neck, head to vena cava
38
Blood vessels to/from digestive tract and liver
Mesenteric Artery - brings oxygenated blood to digestive tract Mesenteric Vein - brings deoxygenated blood from digestive tract to vena cava Hepatic Portal Vein - brings deoxygenated blood from digestive tract to liver Hepatic Vein - brings deoxygenated blood from liver to inferior vena cava
39
blood vessels to/from kidney
Renal Artery - brings oxygenated blood to kidneys Renal Veins - brings deoxygenated blood back to inferior vena cava
40
blood vessels to/from trunk and legs
Iliac Artery - brings oxygenated blood to lower body/abdomen Femoral Artery - connects to iliac, brings blood to legs Great Saphenous Vein - brings deoxygenated blood from legs, drains into femoral vein Femoral Vein - beings deoxygenated blood from legs and great saphenous vein to the iliac vein Iliac Vein - brings deoxygenated blood back to vena cava
41
composition of blood
- formed elements (make up 45% of blood) - red blood cells - mainly carry oxygen - white blood cells - fights infections - platelets - clotting - plasma (makes up 55%) - mostly H2O and dissolves molecules
42
3 functions of blood
- transport of nutrients, waste, gases - allows body to defend itself against infection - regulates temperature
43
arterial vs venus side of capillary exchange
Arterial Side - blood pressure > osmotic pressure, therefore water, O2, glucose etc leave the capillaries, enter cells Venus Side - osmotic pressure > blood pressure therefore water, ammonia, CO2 enter capillaries
44
factors of fluid movement from capillaries
blood pressure, capillary permeability, osmosis
45
Types of Control of Blood Flow
Local Control - in most tissues, blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of tissues - precapillary sphincters open/close to control blood flow Nervous System - responsible for routing blood flow & maintaining blood pressure Hormonal Control - sympathetic action potentials stimulate epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
46
CO2 Transport Reactions
1. CO2 + hemoglobin (Hb) →/← HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin) 2. CO2 + H2O →/← H2CO2 (hydrogen bicarbomate) →/← H+ + HCO3-
47
enzyme involved in catalyzing CO2 reaction
carbonic anhydrase
48
O2 transport reaction
O2 + Hb →/← HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)
49
HHb production reaction
H+ from CO2 reaction and Hb from O2 reaction bond together to form HHb (reduced hemoglobin) in tissues or HHb from the lungs breaks down into H+ and Hb H+ + Hb →/← HHb
50
pacemaker
the sino-atrial node, starts the cardiac cycle
51
atrio-ventricular node
transmits signal from the atria to the ventricles through the perkinje fibres
52
artery and vein structural differences
arteries have thicker walls and are more elastic, veins are larger
53
left vs right sides of heart
left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle, the left ventricle pumps blood with high pressure
54
Prothrombin
inactive clotting protein suspended in plasma (plasma protein), produced in the liver (needs vitamin K)
55
Prothrombin Activator
An enzyme that catalyses this reaction: Prothrombin (+ PA & Ca+2) → Thrombin
56
Thrombin
An active enzyme produced from prothrombin that catalyses this reaction: Fibrinogen (+ Thrombin) → Fibrin
57
Fibrinogen
Fibrinogen is a protein suspended in plasma (plasma protein), produced by the liver
58
Fibrin
forms fine protein threads which act as mesh around platelets to stop bleeding
59
coronary arteries
carry nutrients to heart cells

Biology 12 (11 decks)

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