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Biology 12 > Circulatory System & Blood > Flashcards

Circulatory System & Blood Flashcards

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1
Q

Arterioles

A

branches off of arteries that carry blood away from heart

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2
Q

capillaries

A

allows for exchange of material, contains pre-capillary sphincter

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3
Q

Venules

A

smaller veins that merge into the main veins

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4
Q

Valves in Veins

A

allow blood to flow back to the heart in one direction

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5
Q

Types of Capillaries

A

Classified by diameter and permeability
- continuous - do not have fenestrae (pores)
- fenestrated - have pores/fenestrae
- sinusoidal - large diameter with large fenestrae

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6
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

degeneration of arteries, making them less elastic

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7
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  • deposition of plaque on walls
  • build up of plaque decreases area for blood flow
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8
Q

Cross Sectional Area

A
  • as diameter of vessel decreases, the total cross-sectional area increases, and velocity of blood flow decreases
  • smaller vessels = more branching = slower blood flow
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9
Q

Myocardium

A

straited (one direction), involuntary (contracts without consious control), branched cardiac muscles

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10
Q

Coronary Blood Vessels

A

Myocardium’s (cardiac muscle) network of blood vessels surrounding top of heart like a crown

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11
Q

Septum

A

Seperates left and right side of heart

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12
Q

Chordae Tendineae

A

aka heart strings, hold down atrioventricular valves

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13
Q

Heart Structure

A

Consists of 2 pumps (1 to body, 1 to lungs), 4 chambers, 1 way valves seperate the chambers

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14
Q

Heart Function

A
  • generate blood pressure
  • route blood - seperates pulmonary (lungs) and systemic (rest of body) circulation
  • ensures one way blood flow (heart valves)
  • regulates blood supply
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15
Q

How does the heart regulate blood supply?

A

changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

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16
Q

Cardiac Muscle Fibres

A

fibres wrap around cardiac muscle to allow for contraction in 2 directions

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17
Q

Systemic Vessels/path

A

transport blood through most body parts from left ventricle to right atrium

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18
Q

Pulmonary Vessels/Path

A

transport blood from right ventricle, through lungs, back to left atrium

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19
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

measures blood pressure (120mm Hg/80mm Hg)

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20
Q

Systole

A

contraction of heart muscle

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21
Q

diastole

A

relaxation of heart muscle

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22
Q

cardiac cycle

A
  1. atrial systole, ventricular diastole (0.15s)
  2. atrial diastole, ventricular systole (0.30s)
  3. atrial diastole, ventricular diastole (0.40s)
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23
Q

Perkinje Fibres

A

transmits signal from AV node to ventricle

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24
Q

electrocardiogram PQRST

A
  • P-Wave = atrial systole
  • QRS complex = ventricular systole
  • T-wave = ventricular diastole
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25
Q

Pulse

A

expansion and contraction of arteries due to force generated by contraction of the left ventricle

26
Q

Heart Sounds

A
  • First Sound “lubb”
    • AV valve and surrounding fluid vibrates as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole
  • Second Sound “dupp”
    • closure of aortic and pulmonary semi-lunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer
  • Third Sound (occassional)
    • turbulent blood flow into ventricles, detected near first one-third of diastole
27
Q

monitoring of blood pressure

A

pressure receptors in aorta and carotid arteries monitor blood pressure

28
Q

rectification of immediate changes in blood pressure

A

done by regulation of heartbeat and constriction of vessels

29
Q

Four Features in Fetus Circulation

A
  1. umbilical veins and arteries
  2. oval opening & foramen ovale - bypass lungs
  3. arterial duct - bypass lungs
  4. venous duct (ductus venosus) - bypass liver
30
Q

structure of veins/arteries

A

inner layer (endothelium)
middle layer (elastic tissue, smooth muscle)
outer layer (fibrous connective tissue)
*vein contains valve

30
Q

Atrium

A

blood enters heart

30
Q

ventricle

A

blood leaves heart

31
Q

aorta

A

major artery, blood leaves left ventricle

32
Q

Posterior/Superior Vena Cava

A

major vein, blood enters right atrium

33
Q

AV Valve

A

seperate atria and ventricles, prevent blood from going back up during ventricular systole

34
Q

Pulmonary Semi-lunar Valve

A

separates right ventricle from pulmonary artery

35
Q

Aortic Semi-Lunar Valve

A

seperates left ventricle and aorta

36
Q

blood vessels to/from the head

A

Carotid Artery
- brings oxygenated blood from aorta to head

Jugular Vein
- collect deoxygenated blood from head back to superior vena cava

37
Q

blood vessels to/from arms/upper body

A

Subclavian Artery
- below the clavicle, brings oxygenated blood from aorta to arms, neck, head

Subclavian Vein
- below clavicle, brings deoxygenated blood back from arms, neck, head to vena cava

38
Q

Blood vessels to/from digestive tract and liver

A

Mesenteric Artery
- brings oxygenated blood to digestive tract

Mesenteric Vein
- brings deoxygenated blood from digestive tract to vena cava

Hepatic Portal Vein
- brings deoxygenated blood from digestive tract to liver

Hepatic Vein
- brings deoxygenated blood from liver to inferior vena cava

39
Q

blood vessels to/from kidney

A

Renal Artery

  • brings oxygenated blood to kidneys

Renal Veins

  • brings deoxygenated blood back to inferior vena cava
40
Q

blood vessels to/from trunk and legs

A

Iliac Artery

  • brings oxygenated blood to lower body/abdomen

Femoral Artery

  • connects to iliac, brings blood to legs

Great Saphenous Vein

  • brings deoxygenated blood from legs, drains into femoral vein

Femoral Vein

  • beings deoxygenated blood from legs and great saphenous vein to the iliac vein

Iliac Vein

  • brings deoxygenated blood back to vena cava
41
Q

composition of blood

A
  • formed elements (make up 45% of blood)
    • red blood cells - mainly carry oxygen
    • white blood cells - fights infections
    • platelets - clotting
  • plasma (makes up 55%)
    • mostly H2O and dissolves molecules
42
Q

3 functions of blood

A
  • transport of nutrients, waste, gases
  • allows body to defend itself against infection
  • regulates temperature
43
Q

arterial vs venus side of capillary exchange

A

Arterial Side

  • blood pressure > osmotic pressure, therefore water, O2, glucose etc leave the capillaries, enter cells

Venus Side

  • osmotic pressure > blood pressure therefore water, ammonia, CO2 enter capillaries
44
Q

factors of fluid movement from capillaries

A

blood pressure, capillary permeability, osmosis

45
Q

Types of Control of Blood Flow

A

Local Control
- in most tissues, blood flow is proportional to metabolic needs of tissues
- precapillary sphincters open/close to control blood flow

Nervous System

  • responsible for routing blood flow & maintaining blood pressure

Hormonal Control

  • sympathetic action potentials stimulate epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (adrenaline)
46
Q

CO2 Transport Reactions

A
  1. CO2 + hemoglobin (Hb) →/← HbCO2 (carbaminohemoglobin)
  2. CO2 + H2O →/← H2CO2 (hydrogen bicarbomate) →/← H+ + HCO3-
47
Q

enzyme involved in catalyzing CO2 reaction

A

carbonic anhydrase

48
Q

O2 transport reaction

A

O2 + Hb →/← HbO2 (oxyhemoglobin)

49
Q

HHb production reaction

A

H+ from CO2 reaction and Hb from O2 reaction bond together to form HHb (reduced hemoglobin) in tissues or HHb from the lungs breaks down into H+ and Hb

H+ + Hb →/← HHb

50
Q

pacemaker

A

the sino-atrial node, starts the cardiac cycle

51
Q

atrio-ventricular node

A

transmits signal from the atria to the ventricles through the perkinje fibres

52
Q

artery and vein structural differences

A

arteries have thicker walls and are more elastic, veins are larger

53
Q

left vs right sides of heart

A

left ventricle wall is thicker than the right ventricle, the left ventricle pumps blood with high pressure

54
Q

Prothrombin

A

inactive clotting protein suspended in plasma (plasma protein), produced in the liver (needs vitamin K)

55
Q

Prothrombin Activator

A

An enzyme that catalyses this reaction: Prothrombin (+ PA & Ca+2) → Thrombin

56
Q

Thrombin

A

An active enzyme produced from prothrombin that catalyses this reaction: Fibrinogen (+ Thrombin) → Fibrin

57
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Fibrinogen is a protein suspended in plasma (plasma protein), produced by the liver

58
Q

Fibrin

A

forms fine protein threads which act as mesh around platelets to stop bleeding

59
Q

coronary arteries

A

carry nutrients to heart cells

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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