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Biology 12 > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

Solvency of amino acids with polar R-groups

A

hydrophilic

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2
Q

Solvency of amino acids with non-polar R-groups

A

hydrophobic

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3
Q

Number of different R groups in the universe

A

20 (20 different amino acids)

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4
Q

Oligopeptides

A

Fewer than 15 amino acids

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5
Q

Peptide

A

Another name for amino acid. Peptides are short chains of amino acids.

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6
Q

Polypeptide

A

Greater than 15 amino acids

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7
Q

Peptide Bond

A

A bond that joins amino acids together. Created through dehydration synthesis.

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8
Q

Primary Protein Structure

A

A straight chain of amino acids

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9
Q

Secondary Protein Structure

A

Alpha helix (coiled) or beta-pleated sheet (folded) shapes created when a chain of amino acids is stabilized/held together by hydrogen bonds.

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10
Q

Tertiary Protein Structure

A

Proteins final, 3-D shape involving ionic, covalent and hydrogen bonds. Interaction of large segments to each other and surrounding water. Vital for function.

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11
Q

Quaternary Protein Structure

A

2 or more separate polypeptide chains interacting (several tertiary structures working together)

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12
Q

7 Protein Functions

A

Structure, communication, membrane transport, catalysis, recognition and protection, movement, cell adhesion

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13
Q

3 Key Protein Functions

A

Structure - shape, muscle, hair, skin
Metabolic - forms enzymes for catalysis
Hormonal - some hormones are proteins (insulin)

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14
Q

Protein Conformation

A

The overall 3-D shape of protein; vital for function. Protein able to change shape - opening and closing of cell membrane pores.

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15
Q

Protein Denaturation

A

Drastic conformation change that destroys a protein’s function. Caused by extreme heat or pH. Is often permanent.

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16
Q

3 Factors Affecting Protein Action

A

High Temperature - denature
pH - denature
Heavy Metals - alter enzyme action

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17
Q

Carbohydrate Fomula

A

(CH2O)n n = number of carbon atoms

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18
Q

Glucose Formula

A

glucose has 6 carbon, so formula is C6H12O6

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19
Q

Solvency of Carbs

A

hydrophilic

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20
Q

Simple Sugar

A

monosaccharides

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21
Q

Ring Structures

A

6-Carbon ring = hexose
5-Carbon ring = pentose

22
Q

3 Major Monosaccharides

A

glucose, galactose, fructose (mainly produced by digestion of complex carbs)

23
Q

CH2O Dehydration Synthesis

A

monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide
bond formed called glycosidic bond

24
Q

Glycosidic Bond

A

C-O-C bond formed by dehydration synthesis of carbs

25
Q

Dehydration Synthesis of Glucose

A

Glucose bonds together to form a maltose and H2O

26
Q

3 major dissaccharides

A

Sucrose (glucose and fructose)
Lactose (glucose and galactose)
Maltose (glucose x 2)

27
Q

3 Polysaccharides

A

Starch, cellulose, glycogen
formed by long chains of glucose

28
Q

amylase enzyme

A

breaks down starch into maltose

29
Q

Starch Conformation

A

bonds point down, straight chain

30
Q

Cellulose Conformation

A

bonds alternate directions, can form hydrogen bonds

31
Q

Glycogen Conformation

A

bonds point down, more branches than starch

32
Q

Cellulose Functions

A

structure to plants, fiber to human diet

33
Q

Glycogen Function

A

energy storage produced by animals

34
Q

Starch Hydrolysis

A

Digestion of starch occurs by hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond. Produces maltose

35
Q

Carbohydrate Function

A

Sources of energy

36
Q

Conjugated Carbs

A
  • glycolipids (found on external surface of cell membrane)
  • glycoproteins (found if external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tract)
  • proteoglycans (protein component dominant, cell adhesion, gelatinous filter of tissue (eyes), lubricates joints
37
Q

Conjugated Carbs

A
  • glycolipids (found on external surface of cell membrane)
  • glycoproteins (found if external surface of cell membrane, mucus of respiratory and digestive tract)
  • proteoglycans (protein component dominant, cell adhesion, gelatinous filter of tissue (eyes), lubricates joints
38
Q

Primary Types of Lipids

A
  1. fatty acids
  2. triglycerides
  3. phospholipids
  4. eicosanoids
  5. steroids
39
Q

Fatty Acids

A

A chain of 4-24 carbon atoms

40
Q

Saturated Fats

A

Carbon atoms saturated with hydrogens, no double bonds. Solid at room temp.

41
Q

Unsaturated Fats

A

Carbon atoms contain double or triple bonds (can be broken to bond to more hydrogen). Liquid at room temp.

42
Q

Triglyeride Synthesis

A

3 fatty acids + glycerol = triglyeride + 3 H20

43
Q

Neutral Fats

A

Triglycerides known as neutral fats, during synthesis, fatty acids bond with carboxyl (acid) groups, therefore losing acidity

44
Q

Functions of Triglycerides

A

Store energy, also insulation, shock absoption in organs.

45
Q

Solid Triglycerides

A

Fats, saturated from animals

46
Q

Liquid Triglycerides

A

Oils, polyunsaturated from plants

47
Q

Phospholipid Structure

A

Polar, hydrophilic head (phosphate + glycerol) & non-polar, hydrophobic tail (2 fatty acids)

48
Q

Steroid Structure

A

4-ringed backbone (cholesterol) with variations in the functional groups and location of double bonds

49
Q

Bond Between Amino Acids

A

Peptide Bond

50
Q

Bond Between Amino Acids

A

Peptide Bond

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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