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Biology 12 > DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, Protein Synthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Polymers of nucleotides.

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2
Q

Function of DNA

A

provides code for cell’s activities

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3
Q

Function of RNA

A

converts code into proteins

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4
Q

Parts of a nucleotide

A

1 pentose sugar, 1 nitrogenous base, 1 phosphate group

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5
Q

Nitrogenous Bases

A

adenine and thymine or uracil
guanine and cytosine

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6
Q

Pyridimines

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil
have a single ring structure

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7
Q

purines

A

adenine and guanine
have a double ring structure

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8
Q

Hydrogen Bonds Between Nitrogenous Bases

A

adenine and thymine/uracil form 2 hydrogen bonds
guanine and cytosine form 3 hydrogen bonds

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9
Q

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Function

A

an energy source for cellular activities

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10
Q

ATP Components

A

adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups

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11
Q

Formation of ADP & ATP

A

when a phosphate group is removed from atp, energy is released and ADP forms.
when energy is absorbed by ADP and a phosphate group bonds to ADP, ATP is formed.

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12
Q

3 DNA Functions

A

replicates itself, mutates, aids in control of cell activities (involved in protein synthsis, proteins carry out activities)

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13
Q

DNA Replication

A
  1. two strands of DNA “unzip” (hydrogen bonds broken by helicase)
  2. nucleotides move to position by way of complementary base pairing (A-T, G-C)
  3. adjacent nucleotides become joined together by DNA polymerase
  4. 2 identical DNA molecules produced
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14
Q

Types of RNA

A
  • Messenger (mRNA): copy of DNA
  • Ribosomal (rRNA): docking site fo mRNA
  • Transfer (tRNA): “taxi” of amino acids
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15
Q

Gene Expression

A

The synthsis of a protein from a gene sequence

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16
Q

Processes of Gene Expression

A

Transcription and Translation

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17
Q

Transcrition

A

In the nucleus, DNA double helix is split (HB broken), RNA polymerase reads DNA and constructs mRNA

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18
Q

Translation

A

Occurs in cytoplasm, mRNA is translated into a protein.

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19
Q

Translation Steps

A

**1. Initiation **(ribosome assembles near start codon on mRNA (AUG), and tRNA brings anticodon with amino acid methionine
2. Elongation (ribosome moves along mRNA, tRNA brings amino acids and they are added to polypeptide chain)
3. Termination (stop codon enters ribosome, polypeptide chain is released)

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20
Q

Mutations

A

Permanent change in dna base sequences

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21
Q

Mutagens

A

environmental factors (radiation, chemicals) that damage dna

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22
Q

Point Mutation

A

Affects only one base pair

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23
Q

Types of Point Mutations

A
  1. silent (no change)
  2. missense (change in aa sequence)
  3. nonsense (stop codon)
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24
Q

Frameshift Mutation

A

one or more nucleotides inserted or deleted, results in shift of reading frame or insertion of a stop codon

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25
Q

Cell Theory

A

The basic theory of biology that states:

  • all living things are made of cells
  • all cells come from pre-existing cells
  • the cell is the smallest unit of life
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26
Q

Cell Size & Surface Area

A

smaller cells have more surface area to volume ratio

27
Q

Why do larger cells require specialized compartments (organelles)

A

The larger size, the less surface area to volume ratio exchange nutrients

28
Q

Endomembrane System

A

organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that modify, package, transport lipids and proteins
including endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles

29
Q

Endomembrane System Functions

A

modify, transport, package proteins and lipids

30
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

tubular canals for intracellular transport

31
Q

Rough ER

A
  • ribosomes attached to cytosolic side of its membrane
  • proteins fold and undergo modifications (such as addition of carb side chains)
  • proteins packaged into vesicles and shipped to golgi apparatus
32
Q

Smooth ER

A

Few or no ribosomes attached. Lipids synthesized and packaged into vesicles for transport to golgi.

33
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A
  • proteins and lipids enter on cis face (side facing ER)
  • proteins and lipids modified as they move through
  • modified proteins sorted and packaged into vesicles that bud from the trans face of the golgi
  • vesicles deliver their contents to parts of the cell where they will be used
34
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane bound organelle that contains enzymes to digest old and unnecassary structures and pathogens

35
Q

Vacuole

A

Large membranous sac that stores food, water, waste

36
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Proteins that help cell maintain shape and move.
Actin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules.

37
Q

Actin Filaments and Function

A

two strands of actin proteins wound togethre in a spiral. Aids in cytokinesis and movement of cell.

38
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

proteins that support cell shape. Ex) keratin in hair

39
Q

Microtubules

A
  • made of proteins a-tubulin (alpha) and b-tubulin (beta)
  • involved in cell division and cell transport
  • includes centrioles (tubes of microtubules used in cell division) and cilia and flagella
40
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Location of photosynthesis (plants)

41
Q

Stroma

A

colourless fluid surrounding the grana in chloroplasts. Contains circular DNA and ribosomes

42
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids

43
Q

Thylakoids

A

Contains green pigment called chlorophyll. Photosynthsis occurs here.

44
Q

Photosynthesis

A
  • light energy + H2O + CO2 = glucose + O2
  • chlorophyll pigment absorbs light energy
45
Q

Mitochondria

A

Location of cellular respiration (found in both plants and animals)

46
Q

Inner Membrane of Mitochondria

A

folds in on itself to form cristae, this allows for more surface area for the reactions in cellular respiration to occur

47
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

Space between the two membranes.

48
Q

Matrix

A

Space enclosed by the inner membrane. Contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes.

49
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

glucose + O2 = CO2 + H2O + ATP

50
Q

Function of carbohydrates (glycoproteins and glycolipids) in the cell membrane

A

Cell Recognitiin

51
Q

Proteins in Cell Membrane

A

peripheral and integral

52
Q

Lipids in Cell Membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol

53
Q

Plant Cell Function

A

structural support and shape

54
Q

Nucleus Function

A

Controls cell by protein synthesis

55
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

The double membrane surrounding the nucleus

56
Q

nucleolus

A

non-membrane bound region where rRNA joins with proteins to form ribosomes

57
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

allows passage in and out of nucleus for ribosomes, proteins and RNA

58
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A
  • smaller
  • more surface area to volume ratio
  • represented by domains bacteria and archaea
  • have nucleoid region
  • no membrane bound organelles
59
Q

Eukaryotic

A
  • larger
  • nucleus
  • membrane bound organelles
  • domain eukarya
60
Q

Plant Cells

A
  • cell wall
  • large vacuole
  • chloroplasts
61
Q

Animals

A
  • lysosomes
  • centrioles
  • many smaller vacuoles
62
Q

Selectively permeable

A

cell membrane selects what can pass

63
Q

Steps of Transcription

A

double helix seperated by breaking of bonds
one strand is read by RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase constructs mRNA strand

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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