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Biology 12 > Cell Membrane, Transport, Enzymes & Tonicity > Flashcards

Cell Membrane, Transport, Enzymes & Tonicity Flashcards

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1
Q

Diffusion Definition

A

Movement of molecules from greater concentration to lower concentrated areas.

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2
Q

Diffusion Transport in Cells

A

across bilayer, does not require ATP, small non-charged molecules.

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3
Q

Factors that affect rate of diffusion

A

difference in concentration: greater concentration diffuses faster
temperature: heat increases diffusion speed
Mass of Molecules: heavier molecules diffuse slower

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4
Q

Osmosis

A

water molecules from higher concentration move to lower concentration through a selective membrane

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5
Q

Osmosis in Cell Membrane Transport

A

Across bilayer or through channels, no ATP requireed

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6
Q

Osmotic Pressure

A

A force that pulls water from where its more concentrated to where its less concentrated. Salt pulls water.

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7
Q

Semipermeable/Selective Membrane in Osmosis

A

prevents salt and other molecules from entering

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8
Q

Tonicity

A

ability of a solution to make water move in or out of a cell by osmosis

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9
Q

Isotonic

A

solution outside cell has same solute concentration as inside the cell

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10
Q

Hypertonic

A

solution outside of cell has a higher solute concentration than inside the cell

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11
Q

Hypotonic

A

outside cell has a lower solute concentration than inside the cell

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

process that maintains stability of an internal environment in response to changing external conditions

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13
Q

Factors of membrane fluidity

A

temperature, fatty acid composition, cholesterol temperature

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14
Q

Affects of Temperature on Membrane Fluidity

A

high temp disorders membrane and cell won’t hold shape
low temp makes membrane rigid and may break

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15
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids & Membrane Fluidity

A

Saturated FAs in phospholipid bilayer means tails are straight and easy to pack, decreasing membrane fluidity

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16
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids & Membrane Fluidity

A

tails have kinks and are harder to pack, increased membrane fluidity

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17
Q

Channel Proteins

A

create holes in the membrane.
gated channel proteins require a molecule to bind before opening a gate.

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18
Q

Carrier Proteins

A

bind a molecule on side of membrane and deliver it to other side of membrane through a change in conformation

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19
Q

Cell Recognition Proteins

A

glycoproteins with carbon chains on the outside
provide information to other cells about cell type and identity and enable immune cells to identify and attack pathogens

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20
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

molecules outside of the cell can bind to the receptor protein, changing its conformation and triggering a chain reaction inside the cell that signals to initiate a function

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21
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

catalyze specific reactions at cell membrane

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22
Q

Facilitated Diffusion

A

molecules move from high to low concentration with the help of a carrier or channel protein

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23
Q

Facilitated Diffusion: Channel vs Carrier

A

Channels: transport molecules more quickly
Carriers: more specific, increase selectivity of membrane

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24
Q

Active Transport

A

Requires ATP to move molecules against the concentration gradient (low to high)

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25
Q

Bulk Transport

A

large molecules (polysaccharides and polypeptides) move in and out of cell by vesicle formation

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26
Q

Exocytosis

A

In bulk transport, vesicles fuse with membrane as secretion occurs (leave cell)

27
Q

Endocytosis

A

I’m bulk transport, vesicles form to take substances in the cell.
Includes phagocytosis (large solid molecules) and pinocytosis (small liquid molecules)

28
Q

Cellular Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell

29
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down of molecules
large molecule -> small molecules + energy

30
Q

anabolism

A

building of molecules
small molecules + energy -> large molecules

31
Q

Metabolic Pathway

A

series of reactions that occur in a step by step manner

32
Q

Substrates

A

reactants in enzyme reactions

33
Q

Enzymes

A

special proteins that speed up reactions in the body (catalysts)

34
Q

Active Site

A

Space on an enzyme that substrates bind to

35
Q

Lock and Key Model

A

outdated model that states enzymes and substrates fit together like a lock and key

36
Q

Induced Fit Model

A

enzymes undergo a conformational change to allow for binding of substrates

37
Q

delta G

A

the change in free energy as system goes from reactants to products.
Gfinal - Ginitial

38
Q

Activation Energy

A

amount of energy needed for a reaction to occur

39
Q

Enzyme Functions

A

lower activation energy by bringing substances closer together, speeding up reactions

40
Q

exergonic reactions

A

release energy (delta G < 0)

41
Q

endergonic

A

require energy (delta G > 0)

42
Q

amylase

A

produced in mouth, breaks starch (complex sugars) into maltose

43
Q

maltase location and function

A

secreted by intestines, converts maltose to glucose

44
Q

pepsin location and function

A

produced in stomach, breaks down proteins into amino acids

45
Q

Lactase

A

digests lactose into glucose

46
Q

Lipase

A

produced by pancreas, mouth and stomach, breaks down fats into food for absorption in intestines

47
Q

6 Enzyme Activity Factors

A
  • temperature
  • pH
  • substrate concentration
  • enzyme concentration
  • inhibitors
  • cofactors
48
Q

Temperature on Enzyme Activity

A

Increases rate of reaction, too high can denature (reaction rate to zero)

49
Q

pH on Enzyme Activity

A

each enzyme has an optimum pH, pH outside of this range can slow enzyme activity, extreme values can denature enzymes

50
Q

Substrate Concentration on Enzyme Activity

A

increasing concentration increases reaction rate to a certain point, at some point, all enzymes will be saturated

51
Q

Enzyme Concentration on Enzyme Activity

A

increasing concentration will increase reaction, as long as there is substrate available to bind to

52
Q

Inhibitors

A

chemicals that bind to an enzyme and reduce its activity

53
Q

Competitve Inhibitors

A

similar shape to substrate to bind to the active site, competes will substrate, increasing substrate will make substrate more likely to win

54
Q

Non-Competitive Inhibitors

A

binds to allosteric site, inducing a conformational change so that substrate can no longer bind, increasing substrate concentration can not increase maximum rate of reaction

55
Q

reversible inhibitors

A

binds to enzyme with weak bonds like hydrogen bonds

56
Q

irreversible inhibitors

A

binds to enzyme with strong, covalent bonds

57
Q

feedback inhibition

A

end products produced in a series of reactions suppress the activities of enzymes earlier in the reaction as a non-competitive inhibitor

58
Q

Cofactors (examples)

A

Some enzymes require cofactors to bind to them in order to function. Cofactors include metal ions or organic molecules called coenzymes.

59
Q

Apoenzyme

A

inactive enzyme without the cofactor

60
Q

Holoenzyme

A

complete enzyme with the cofactor

61
Q

negative feedback

A

counteract changes from target values (set points)

62
Q

positive feedback

A

amplify initiating stimuli, moving system away from starting state

63
Q

positive feedback

A

amplify initiating stimuli, moving system away from starting state

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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