Digestion

Question 1

Digestion

Answer 1

Extracellular process than involves chemical and mechanical processes whcih break down food into soluble molecules

Question 2

Absorption

Answer 2

absorption of soluble molecules from intestines into blood

Question 3

Chewing

Answer 3

Mechanical digestion by 32 adult teeth

Question 4

Bolus

Answer 4

Chewed food that is rolled into a ball by the tongue

Question 5

Pharynx and Epoglottis

Answer 5

pharynx contains epoglottis which closes of trachea (breathing tube) when swallowing

Question 6

Esophogus

Answer 6

1st site of peristalsis, contains longitudinal and circular muscles to allow for rhythmic waves of contraction to push food in one direction

Question 7

Peristalsis

Answer 7

rhythmic waves of contraction to push food in one direction

Question 8

Cardiac Sphincter

Answer 8

ring of muscle, which acts like a valve; allows food to enter the stomach

Question 9

Stomach Functions

Answer 9

• some mechanical and chemical digestion
• storage
• acidic environment kills microbes (pH 2)

Question 10

Why do cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen instead of pepsin?

Answer 10

pepsinogen produced rather than pepsin to prevent cell from cell destructing (pepsin would break down proteins in cell (integral protein in membrane etc)

Question 11

Bacteria that causes stomach ulcers

Answer 11

Helicobacter pylon

Question 12

Pyloric Sphincter

Answer 12

ring of muscle which controls the amount of acid chyme leaving the stomach

Question 13

Duodenum

Answer 13

1st part of small intestine, 25 cm, pH 8

Question 14

Small Intestine Function

Answer 14

Absorption

Question 15

Large Intestine Parts

Answer 15

3 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

Question 16

Large Intestine/Colon Functions

Answer 16

• E. coli further breaks down chyme and produces vitamin K
• main function is H2O reabsorption

Question 17

Rectum

Answer 17

• holds feces
• stretch receptors sense “fullness” of rectum

Question 18

Anus

Answer 18

• point of elimination of feces
• controlled by anal sphincter

Question 19

4 Enzymes produced in pancreas (work in small intestine, basic pH)

Answer 19

pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin, nuclease

Question 20

enzymes produced in small intestine

Answer 20

nucleosidases, maltase, peptidases

Question 21

enzyme produced in gastric gland

Answer 21

pepsin

Question 22

bile

Answer 22

emulsifier produced in liver, stored in gallbladder that breaks down fat into fat droplets (physical/mechanical digestion) in the duodenum/small intestine

Question 23

gastrin

Answer 23

• hormone secreted from lower part of stomach
• travels through the blood around the body
• reaches receptors for gastric cells on the upper stomach
• gastric cells release gastric juice (HCl + Pepsinogen)
• creates pepsin, which breaks down proteins

Question 24

Lymphatic System/lacteals Function in Digestion

Answer 24

collects fluid from your intestinesthat contains nutrients/lipids and transports it back to your bloodstream.

Question 25

Bacteria that breaks down acid chyme and vitamin K

Answer 25

E. Coli (in large intestine)

Question 26

villi and microvilli function

Answer 26

increases surface area in the small intestine

Question 27

what neutralizes acid chyme, and where

Answer 27

sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in duodenum, produced by pancreas

Question 28

Secretin

Answer 28

- acid chyme in the duodenum stimulates the walls to secrete secretin - secretin travels though blood until it hits receptors on the pancreas - stimulates panceas to release digestive enzyme and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) - enzymes digest the chyme & HCO3- neutralizes the acid

Question 29

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

Answer 29

- fats and protein in duodenum stimulates the walls of duodenum to release CCK - CCK travels through blood until it reaches receptors on the pancreas - increases digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and the gallbladder contracts, increasing bile going to the duodenum - increases the digestion of acid chyme in the duodenum

Question 30

3 hormones

Answer 30

gastrin, secretin, cck

Question 31

Pancreas functions

Answer 31

- produces bicarbonate ion - produces enzymes - produces hormones (insulin & glucagon for blood sugar level homeostasis)

Question 32

Insulin

Answer 32

- allows cells to take in glucose from blood - lowers blood sugar levels

Question 33

Liver Functions

Answer 33

- destroys old red blood cells - produces bile - stores glucose as glycogen - produces urea from amino acid breakdown (deamination) - makes blood proteins (ex. albumin to increase osmotic pressure in bloood) - detoxifies blood

Question 34

Lipase

Answer 34

produced in pancreas, turns fat droplet to glycerol + fatty acid in small intestine

Question 35

Nuclease

Answer 35

Pancreas, Small intestine, nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) into nucleotides

Question 36

Nucleosidases

Answer 36

small intestine, nucleotides to phosphate + sugar + nitrogenous base

Question 37

Pepsidases

Answer 37

small intestine, peptide to aa

Question 38

Glucagon

Answer 38

- stimulates liver/muscles to undergo gluconeogenesis - glycogen → glucose

Question 39

albumin

Answer 39

plasma (blood) protein that increases osmotic pressure in blood

Question 40

urea

Answer 40

yellow in urine produced from deamination

Question 41

stomach structure

Answer 41

3 layers of muscle (oblique/diagonal, longitudinal, circular) for physical digestion

Question 42

Lacteals

Answer 42

absorb fatty acid and glycerol