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Biology 12 > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestion

A

Extracellular process than involves chemical and mechanical processes whcih break down food into soluble molecules

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2
Q

Absorption

A

absorption of soluble molecules from intestines into blood

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3
Q

Chewing

A

Mechanical digestion by 32 adult teeth

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4
Q

Bolus

A

Chewed food that is rolled into a ball by the tongue

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5
Q

Pharynx and Epoglottis

A

pharynx contains epoglottis which closes of trachea (breathing tube) when swallowing

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6
Q

Esophogus

A

1st site of peristalsis, contains longitudinal and circular muscles to allow for rhythmic waves of contraction to push food in one direction

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7
Q

Peristalsis

A

rhythmic waves of contraction to push food in one direction

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8
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

ring of muscle, which acts like a valve; allows food to enter the stomach

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9
Q

Stomach Functions

A
  • some mechanical and chemical digestion
  • storage
  • acidic environment kills microbes (pH 2)
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10
Q

Why do cells in the stomach produce pepsinogen instead of pepsin?

A

pepsinogen produced rather than pepsin to prevent cell from cell destructing (pepsin would break down proteins in cell (integral protein in membrane etc)

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11
Q

Bacteria that causes stomach ulcers

A

Helicobacter pylon

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12
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

ring of muscle which controls the amount of acid chyme leaving the stomach

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13
Q

Duodenum

A

1st part of small intestine, 25 cm, pH 8

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14
Q

Small Intestine Function

A

Absorption

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15
Q

Large Intestine Parts

A

3 parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

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16
Q

Large Intestine/Colon Functions

A
  • E. coli further breaks down chyme and produces vitamin K
  • main function is H2O reabsorption
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17
Q

Rectum

A
  • holds feces
  • stretch receptors sense “fullness” of rectum
18
Q

Anus

A
  • point of elimination of feces
  • controlled by anal sphincter
19
Q

4 Enzymes produced in pancreas (work in small intestine, basic pH)

A

pancreatic amylase, lipase, trypsin, nuclease

20
Q

enzymes produced in small intestine

A

nucleosidases, maltase, peptidases

21
Q

enzyme produced in gastric gland

A

pepsin

22
Q

bile

A

emulsifier produced in liver, stored in gallbladder that breaks down fat into fat droplets (physical/mechanical digestion) in the duodenum/small intestine

23
Q

gastrin

A
  • hormone secreted from lower part of stomach
  • travels through the blood around the body
  • reaches receptors for gastric cells on the upper stomach
  • gastric cells release gastric juice (HCl + Pepsinogen)
  • creates pepsin, which breaks down proteins
24
Q

Lymphatic System/lacteals Function in Digestion

A

collects fluid from your intestinesthat contains nutrients/lipids and transports it back to your bloodstream.

25
Q

Bacteria that breaks down acid chyme and vitamin K

A

E. Coli (in large intestine)

26
Q

villi and microvilli function

A

increases surface area in the small intestine

27
Q

what neutralizes acid chyme, and where

A

sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) in duodenum, produced by pancreas

28
Q

Secretin

A
  • acid chyme in the duodenum stimulates the walls to secrete secretin
  • secretin travels though blood until it hits receptors on the pancreas
  • stimulates panceas to release digestive enzyme and HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)
  • enzymes digest the chyme & HCO3- neutralizes the acid
29
Q

Cholecystokinin (CCK)

A
  • fats and protein in duodenum stimulates the walls of duodenum to release CCK
  • CCK travels through blood until it reaches receptors on the pancreas
  • increases digestive enzymes from the pancreas, and the gallbladder contracts, increasing bile going to the duodenum
  • increases the digestion of acid chyme in the duodenum
30
Q

3 hormones

A

gastrin, secretin, cck

31
Q

Pancreas functions

A
  • produces bicarbonate ion
  • produces enzymes
  • produces hormones (insulin & glucagon for blood sugar level homeostasis)
32
Q

Insulin

A
  • allows cells to take in glucose from blood
  • lowers blood sugar levels
33
Q

Liver Functions

A
  • destroys old red blood cells
  • produces bile
  • stores glucose as glycogen
  • produces urea from amino acid breakdown (deamination)
  • makes blood proteins (ex. albumin to increase osmotic pressure in bloood)
  • detoxifies blood
34
Q

Lipase

A

produced in pancreas, turns fat droplet to glycerol + fatty acid in small intestine

35
Q

Nuclease

A

Pancreas, Small intestine, nucleic acids (RNA/DNA) into nucleotides

36
Q

Nucleosidases

A

small intestine, nucleotides to phosphate + sugar + nitrogenous base

37
Q

Pepsidases

A

small intestine, peptide to aa

38
Q

Glucagon

A
  • stimulates liver/muscles to undergo gluconeogenesis
  • glycogen → glucose
39
Q

albumin

A

plasma (blood) protein that increases osmotic pressure in blood

40
Q

urea

A

yellow in urine produced from deamination

41
Q

stomach structure

A

3 layers of muscle (oblique/diagonal, longitudinal, circular) for physical digestion

42
Q

Lacteals

A

absorb fatty acid and glycerol

Biology 12 (7 decks)

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