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Bio 20 AP > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the respiratory system?

A
  1. O2 is brought to each cell in the body
  2. CO2 is removed from the body
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2
Q

The two requirements of respiration are?

A
  1. Surface area must be large enough for O2 and CO2 exchange to occur fast enough to meet bodies needs
  2. Respiration must take place in a moist environment so that O2 and CO2 are dissolved in water.
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3
Q

What is breathing?

A

The combination of inspiration (breathing in) and expiration (breathing out)

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4
Q

What is inspiration?

A

Moving air from the external environment to the lungs inside the body?

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5
Q

What is expiration?

A

Moves air from the lungs back into the external environment.

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6
Q

What are the 3 main stages of respiration?

A
  1. External respiration - exchange of C02 and O2 between air and blood (in lungs)
  2. Internal respiration - Exchange of O2 and CO2 between tissue and blood
  3. Celular respiration - Final stage of respiration, a series of energy-releasing chemical reactions that take place inside the cell. Helps maintain body homeostasis.
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7
Q

What is the nasal cavity? Its purpose?

A

Area inside the nose that cleans, moistens and warms the air entering the system.

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8
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The common passage for air and food.

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9
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

Flap of tissue that covers the opening to the trachea, when food is swallowed.

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10
Q

What is the larynx?

A

The first part of the trachea is made of cartilage and contains the vocal cords.

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10
Q

What are the vocal chords comprised of?

A

Thin sheets of elastic ligaments. When you speak muscles around the larynx contract and air is pushed out making a sound.

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11
Q

What is the relationship between the size of vocal chords and the pitch of voice?

A

Long vocal cords = deep voice, Short vocal cords = high voice

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12
Q

What is the name of the protective cover over the larynx?

A

Adam’s apple

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13
Q

What is the admas apple made of?

A

Cartilage

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14
Q

What is the Bronchi?

A

Ciliated tube supported by rings of cartilage. Comparable to arteries or veins.

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15
Q

What are bronchioles?

A

Ciliated tubes with muscular walls are capable of dilating and constricting. Similar to arterioles or veinulles.

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16
Q

What is cilia? What is their purpose?

A

Hair-like projections found in the trachea are used to sweep mucus and dirt out of the lungs and back out to the nose/throat where they are sneezed/coughed out.

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17
Q

What is alveoli?

A

Sac-like structures w/ thin walls surrounded by capillaries – site of gas exchange.

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18
Q

What is the Pleura?

A

Two thin membranes that hold the lungs in the thoracic cavity. Similar to pericardium.

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19
Q

What is the purpose of intercostal muscles?

A

Enlarge the size of the thoracic cavity when breathing to decrease air pressure

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20
Q

What is the diaphragm? It’s purpose?

A

A muscle that contracts to enlarge the muscle cavity.

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21
Q

How many lobes does the left lung have?

A

2 lobes

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22
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have?

A

3 lobes

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23
Q

the movement of air is dependent on what?

A

Change in air pressure

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24
Q

At what pressure is air drawn into the lungs?

A

Low pressure (intercostal muscles contracted)

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25
Q

At what pressure is air exhaled?

A

High Pressure (intercostal muscles relaxed)

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26
Q

During inspiration what occurs? What is the result?

A

The diaphragm contracts moving downward. intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage expands. The increased volume reduces air pressure and air is moved into the lungs causing them to expand.

27
Q

What is the expansion of the lungs limited to?

A

Equalizing pressure and elastic limit of lung tissue.

28
Q

How does expiration take place?

A

Inverse of inspiration - intercoastal and diaphragm relax decreasing thoracic pressure, high air pressure, air is forced out of lungs.

29
Q

What is used to measure lung capacity>

A

A spirograph is used to measure the air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath at rest.

30
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in a normal breath at rest? On average 500ml.

30
Q

What is Inspiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional volume of air that can be inhaled?

31
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

The additional amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs.

32
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The total volume of air that can be moved in/out of the lungs.

33
Q

What is residual volume? What is its purpose?

A

Amount of air that remains in the lungs and respiratory tract after fully exhaling. Prevents lungs from collapsing.

34
Q

How is breathing maintained and regulated?

A

Maintained/regulated by medulla oblongata with responses to chemoreceptors.

35
Q

What is monitored by chemoreceptors?

A

CO2 levels and carbonic levels (H2CO3)

36
Q

What happens if levels of CO2 or Carbonic acid increase?

A

Chemoreceptors send a chemical signal to the medullar oblongata and the the MO sends out sympathetic signals to the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and heart to increase heart/breathing rate to move CO2 out of the body.

37
Q

What do substances like morphine and barbiturates do to the respiratory system?

A

Decrease sensitivity to CO2 and may result in the breathing rate failing.

38
Q

What happens to O2 receptors when morphine or barbiturates affect sensitivity to CO2?

A

They detect low levels of O2 and the MO sends out sympathetic impulses. This may occur during an overdose, assisted suicide, or euthanasia.

39
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Respiration between alveoli and capillaries. As blood moves away from body tissues it is O2 poor and CO2 rich.

40
Q

What is internal respiration>

A

Respiration occurs between capillaries and body tissues. O2 poor tissues while CO2 diffuses out of them and into the blood and O2 moves into cells.

41
Q

How does oxygen move?

A

Diffusion

42
Q

How do you speed up O2 movement?

A

Larger concentraion gradient

43
Q

How does oxygen move into the blood?

A

Once O2 diffuses into the blood it combines with hemoglobin making oxyhemoglobin.

44
Q

What is the maximum amount of O2 molecules that can bind to hemoglobin?

A

4

45
Q

What is the composition of air?

A

78% N, 21% O2, 0.04% CO2

46
Q

Can the reaction between O2 and hemoglobin be reversed?

A

yes – Depends on the concentration gradient, happens when oxyhemoglobin get to tissues and the oxygen diffuses out.

47
Q

What happens when blood reaches tissues?

A

The concentration of O2 is low therefore oxygen breaks from oxyhemoglobin and diffuses into tissues.

48
Q

What are the three-way CO2 is carried in the capillaries after being diffused out of tissues?

A
  1. Blood Plasma (7%) - CO2 is slightly soluble in plasma therefore about 7% will become dissolved as a gas.
  2. Hemoglobin (23%) - CO2 binds with hemoglobin creating oxyhemoglobin.
  3. Carbonic acid (70%) - CO2 reacts with water forming carbonic acid H2CO3. This reaction requires the enzyme carbonic anhydrase which is present in RBCs.
49
Q

What happens to carbonic acid?

A

it ionize to form bicarbonate ions(HCO -3) and hydrogen ions (H+).

50
Q

What happens to bicarbonate ions?

A

They travel in this form to the lungs where the reverse reaction happens and CO2 is released.

51
Q

Why is the ionization of Carbonic acid important?

A

The free H+ ions bind with hemoglobin producing reduced hemoglobin. However, if too many H= molecules are present it will lower blood Ph – which is not good. Hemoglobin acts as a buffer in this situation.

52
Q

What is tonsillitis?

A

Inflammation of the tonsils – tonsils act as a barrier to pathogens, Removal of tonsils is not recommended as it could lead to increased infections later in life.

53
Q

What is Laryngitis?

A

Inflammation of the larynx, is caused by allergies, the strain on voice, and viral infections. Vocal cords can vibrate normally.

54
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

A disorder that causes bronchi to become inflamed and filled with mucus – expelled through coughing

55
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

A disease that occurs when the alveoli in the lungs become inflamed and filled with liquids. Interfers with gas exchange.

56
Q

What is Pleurisy?

A

A lung disorder caused by inflammation of the pleural membrane. Causes stabbing chest pain with every breath.

57
Q

What is Emphysema?

A

An obstructive respiratory disorder in which the walls of the alveoli lose elasticity. Reduced SA for gas exchange.

58
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs. Caused by an abnormal gene that disrupts the function of cells lining the passageways of the lung, Overproduction of mucus coating lung passages makes breathing difficult. Can also have an effect on pancreus which will produce mucus.

59
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic obstructive lung disease affects the bronchi and bronchioles. Makes breathing hard or impossible because of inflamed airways. Mronchi muscles tighten and mucus increases.

60
Q

What is lung cancer?

A

Uncontrolled and invasive growth of abnormal cells in lungs.

61
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

A malignant (tends to produce death) tumours form from the multiplication of abnormal cells.

62
Q

What effect do tumours have on lung function?

A

Reduces SA for gas exchange, damage tissues, and produces toxins.

63
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A cancer-causing agent. Over 760 in tobacco.

64
Q

What is tuberculosis (TB)

A

A common and often deadly infectious disease caused by bacteria mycobacteria. Is not eliminated.

Bio 20 AP (11 decks)

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