basic biochem Flashcards
What is the test for Carbs
Benedicts (reducing sugars - monosaccharides) from blue to red (must be heated)
Starch - Detect the presence of complex carbohydrates if positive iodine creates blue-black
What is an isomer?
Same chimcal formula diffrent structure - Glucose, Fructose
What are disaccarides?
Formed from two monosaccharides joining into one, sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose
What is a polysaccaride?
Formed from many sugar molecules bonded together.
What is starch?
Main stroage molecules in plants
What is glycogen?
Main storage molecules in animals. The liver produces glycogen (long forms of glucose)
What is cellulose?
Structural polysaccharides are made of beta glucose.
What are lipids?
A group of organic substances insoluble in water - energy storage molecules like oil/fat
What is a fat molecule consisted of?
3 molecules of fatty acid and one glycerol molecule (triglyceride) formed by dehydration synthesis.
What makes a fatty acid saturated?
No double bonds
What makes a fatty acid unsaturated?
one or more double bonds
What is a test for lipids?
Sudan 6 test - lipids dissolve in Sudan 6 indicator turning it from a black to red
Translucence test - lipids cause unglazed brown paper to become translucent
Why is choletral important?
Where is it produced
Made in liver
Needed to make cell membranes, insulate nerves, some hormones - a type of steroid
What are proteins?
Polymers of amino acids
How many amino acids?
20 found in all living tings. All have an amine group and a carboxyl group bonded to a central carbon
What are essential amino acids?
Cannot be made by the body and must be consumed in diet - 9 in total
How are peptides bonded?
Dehydration synthesis reactions occur when an amine group of one A.A is joined to carboxyl group of another
What is a long chain of amino acids called?
Polypeptide - linear sequences of a.a. is called a primary structure
What are three ways proteins are broken down>
Hydrolysis - enzymes are used to split peptide bonds, requires addition of water
Denaturation - Changes in pH may destory tertialt structure of a proteins. If this change is permanent its said to have coagulated
Deamination - removal of an amine group by the liver in order to convert a.a. to sugar or lipids since we aare unable to store a.a.
What is a test for proteins?
Biuret - Positive = purple
What is nucleic acid?
Building blocks of DNA and RNA
What are enzymes
Natural catalysts that provide activation energy for breakdown of molecule that it fits
What is an active site?
Part of enzyme that binds to substrate.
What is a substrate?
Molecule being broken apart by enzymes
What is a cofactor
An inorganic substances that help enzymes work correctly
What is a co-enzyme?
Organic molecule usually made from vitamins
What is a vitamin>
Organic compounds that an organism needs to function and not an energy source/
What is a mineral?
Inorganic substances needed to survive
What is allosteric activity
The change in an enzyme is caused by the binding of a molecule. May prevent or promote enzyme activity.
What are factors that effect enzymes
Temperature - as increases temperature so does the rate of reaction until a certain point
pH - Each metabolic reaction has an optimum range that is best for reactions
3. Substrate reactions - greater concentration, higher rate
4. Inhibitors - Inhibotrs are molecules that attach to enzymes and reduce their ability to bind to the substrate
What is a competitve inhibitor?
Attach to active site of enzyme blocking substrate
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What are non-competitve inhibitors?
Attach elsewhere to enzyme changing shape of active site preventing binding of substrate.
