Blood & Immunity Flashcards
1
Q
What type of tissue is blood and why?
A
Blood is connective tissue as it links organs together.
2
Q
What two distinct elements is blood made of?
A
Plasma - Liquid portion consisting of water, dissolved gasses, proteins, sugars, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and waste products.
Cellular Comp - made up of red, and white blood cells as well as Platelets
3
Q
What is plasma mainly comprised of?
A
Mainly water w/ dissolved materials
4
Q
How much blood is composed of plasma?
A
Approx 55%
5
Q
What are the three proteins in plasma and what are their purpose?
A
- Albumins - for osmatic pressure
- Globulins - to produce antibodies
- Fibrinogen - Used for clotting
6
Q
What is a second name for red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes
7
Q
What percentage of blood is comprised of RBCs?
A
44%
8
Q
What is the main function of a red blood cell?
A
To transport oxygen
9
Q
What special adaptations allow red blood cells to hold oxygen so well?
A
The red blood cell does not have a nucleus and is filled with hemoglobin.
10
Q
In what conditions must be present for RBCs to be produced?
A
Low levels of oxygen
11
Q
What is polycythemia
A
Higher than normal numbers of red blood cells
12
Q
What is the average life span of a red blood cell?
A
approx 120 days
13
Q
Where are red blood cells produced?
A
Bone marrow
14
Q
What breaks RBCs down?
A
Liver and spleen
15
Q
What is anemia?
A
Having too few RBCs or lacking hemoglobin
16
Q
What is the result of developing anemia?
A
Oxygen deficiency
17
Q
What are the common symptoms of anemia?
A
Fatigue and pale skin
18
Q
What causes anemia to develop
A
Lack of iron in the diet
19
Q
Why is iron important?
A
Iron contributes in the creation of hemoglobin
20
Q
What is sickle cell amenia?
A
A genetic disorder causing misshapen reb blood cells. This means RBCs cant function properly increasing risk for blood clots, heart attacks, and stroke
21
Q
What is a secondary name for a white blood cell?
A
Leukocytes
22
Q
What is the ratio of RBCs to white blood cells?
A
700:1
23
Q
What are white blood cells responsible for?
A
Immune response
24
Q
What are granulocytes?
A
Cells with granules, and lobed nuclei, are phagocytic and produce and mature in bone marrow
25
What are agranulocytes?
Cells w/o granules that vary in function. Produced in bone marrow and modified in lymph nodes.
26
What are monocytes
They are phagocytes
27
What are b cells?
Mature in bone marrow
28
What are T cells?
Mature in thymes gland near the heart
29
What are platelets and how are they formed?
Fragments of cells. They are formed when larger cells in bone marrow break apart
30
What is different about platelets?
No nucleus and they break down easy
31
What are platelets' key roles in blood?
Clotting - prevents blood loss
32
What are the four steps of blood clotting?
1. When platelts touch a rough surface they release a chemical that reacts with plasma to form thromboplastin.
2. Thromboplastin catalyzes conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
3. Thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibringogen to to fibrin, which is an insoluble material that forms a mesh around the effected area.
4. RBC's are trapped forming a clot.
33
What are some possible complications that could arise from clotting?
A thrombus could form. A thrombus is a clot that blocks a a vessel - could lead to stroke, heart attack, etc
A dsiclodged blood clot known as a embolus could beocome lodged in a vital organ.
34
What is Interstital Fluid or extracellular fluid?
The fluid inbetween cells. Any materials that pass thorugh cappilaries must pass through this fluid.
35
How does IF or extracellular fluid create a concentration graident? Why is it important?
ECF provides a concentration gradient that maintains cell enviorment, and allows for normal cell functions to continue such as osmosis.
36
Where does the exhange of materials take place?
The mid-section of cappilaries
37
Why do nutrients and wastes move out and into cappilaries?
Diffusion High to Low concentration
38
What are the two forces water moves through?
Blood pressure - Froces water out of cappilaires
Osmosis - Water flows back into the cappilaries as blood is high in proteins (hypertonic)
39
The outward movement of nutrients, waste, and water is konwn as?
Filtration
40
The inward movemnt of nutrients, waste, and water is...
Absoprtion
41
What is Edema?
Build up of fluid in the ECF
42
What is it caused by?
lack of plasma proteins (Water always wants to reach equilibream)
lack of proteins from cappilaries into ECF
Inflamation
43
What is Hemophilia? What causes it? Cure?
It is the result of inscufficent clotting proteins in the blood.
Makes it hard to clot making even small cuts dangerous. Cure consists of injections of proteins such as VIII.
44
What is Leukemia?
It is tje cancer of WBC's.
45
What is Myeloid? Why is it bad?
The overproduction of leucytes. This is bad as teh WBC's are inmature and can't properly fight infections as well as they overcrowd RBC's.
46
What is Lymphoid?
The cancer of Lymphocytes.
47
What are some possible treatments for Leukemia, Myeloid, Lymphoid?
Blood diffusion, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplants
48
What is the lymphatic system?
A network of connected nodes and vessells throughout the body.
49
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
Maintians balance of fluids within the body.
50
What does the lymphatic systmem collect?
Colorless flufid called Lymph.
51
What is lymph?
A fluid made up of interstial fluid and plasma.
52
What happens as blood passes through cappilllaries?
Some of the plasma escapes and becomes part of the interstenial fluid.
53
What happesn to the interstial fluid?
It is absorbed by the vessels of the lymphatic system
54
What are lymph capillaries?
Close ended tubes in capillary bends.
55
What are lymph vessels?
Larger ducts which eventually empty into the large veins neat the heart.
56
What are Lacteals
Specialized lymph cells in the interstinal villi, Carry digested fats throughout the body.
57
What are lymph nodes?
Intervals along the lymph vessels.
58
Where are the sites of lymph nodes.
Neck, Underarm, chest, abdonom, and groin.
59
What is the function of lymph nodes?
Filter lymph, Provide lymphocytes, play a role in immunity
60
How does lymph move around the body?
Relies on an outside force like muscle movement.
61
What matures in lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes -----> WBC's
62
What else do lymph nodes contain?
Macrophages -------> eat bacteria
63
What happens to lymph nodes when you are sick?
The swell
64
Why do lymph nodes swell when you are sick?
Increased WBC activity
65
What role does the spleen play in the lymphatic system?
Production, destruction and filtration of blood
Productionof lymphocytes
**Replaces RBC's**
66
What role does the Thymus(gland) play in the lymphatic system?
Located in chest between aorta and sternum
Very large in fetal and early life - shrinks after puberty
Produces lymphocytes and antibodies **like a factory**
67
What is the first line of defense of the immunity system?
Physical - Skin, Mucus, Acid, Cillia, Lysosomes --------> found in tears and saliva.
The largest barrier is the skin
68
What role does skin oil play in the first line of defense?
Skins oil contaions bactericides and perspration is acidic and inhabitable for microbial growth.
69
What is the second line of defense? What is it an example of?
It is an example of non-specific immunity?
Damaged cells release histamines which cause the cappilaires to become leaky
WBC's in the area pass through the cappilaries escapse and target forgein invaders.
70
What is non-specific immunity?
Treats all foreign substances in the same way. Present at birth as out body doesnt have any antibodies.
71
What are the primary WBC involved in the inflamotry response?
Granuclcytes - Monocytes join in the response becoming enlarged macrophagoes.
72
What is the third immune reponse?
Specific immunity - Body recognizes antigens on invaders and produces antibodies to bind to invaders to be eaten by WBC's.
73
What are the two lymphcytes involved in specific immunity?
T cells and B cells
74
What are antibodies?
Specilized y shaped proteins that recongize foreign substamces and act to netralize/destory them
75
What are antigens?
Proteins used for identification are found on the surface of cells and pathogens.
76
What is the antigen-antibody complex?
When an antibody binds to an antigen creating an antigen-antibody complex. It makes any invaders more conspicuous and easier to engulf by circulating macrophages. Most antibodies are specific and bind to certain antigens.
77
What is the process of immunity step by step?
1. Helper T-cells recognize foreign antigens and send out chemical messengers.
2 a). Messengers cause B-cells to clone themselves either into large plasma cells which produce antibodies or memory cells.
2 b). Helper T-cells activate natural killer T-cells which kill mutated cells and puncture membranes of cells overtaken by a virus.
3. a). Memory cells hold information about the shape of the antigen of the invader which allows a quicker response if another infection occurs.
3 a-1) Antibodies released bind to antigens, and immobilize and mark foreign cells for macrophages to engulf and eliminate.
3 b) Suppressor T-cells shut down immune system response one threat is eliminated.
78
What are the four types of blood and what is the difference?
A - Have B antibodies
B - Have A antibodies
AB - have no antibodies
O - Have A and B antibodies
79
What happens if the wrong blood type is put into your bloodstream?
Agglutination- Clotting due to antibodies attacking antigen on blood cell
80
What are the Rh factors
Rh+ Rh antigen on RBC
RH - No Rh antigen on RBC
81
What is the Universal donor?
O - Does not have antigens
82
What is the universal recipient?
AB+
