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bio 20 ap > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Name the Three Types of muscles.

A

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac. (Skeletal are also known as skeletal muscle fibres instead of cells)

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2
Q

Is the movement made by the skeletal muscle cells/fibre involuntary or voluntary?

A

Voluntary

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3
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there in the body?

A

600

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4
Q

What is the appearance of skeletal muscle?

A

Tubular
Striated
Long

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5
Q

What do skeletal muscle cells look like?

A

Long
Have many nuclei
Often referred to as fibers

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6
Q

What is the function of skeletal muscles?

A

Support body
- make bones move
-protect internal organs
- stabilize joints
- maintain constant body temp

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7
Q

How is ATP provided for muscle cells

A

Aerobic respiration
Anaerobic respiration

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8
Q

What is the appearance of smooth muscle?

A

Not striated(due to actin and myosin arrangement )

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9
Q

What do smooth muscle cells look like?

A

Long
One nuclei
Tapers at ends
Parallel lines forming sheets

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10
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle?

A

Advance movement of substances?

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11
Q

Where are smooth muscles found?

A

Eye iris
Certain blood vessels
Hollow internal organs

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12
Q

How does ATP contribute to smooth muscles?

A

Mitochondria activity

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13
Q

What type of contraction is smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary
Controlled, slow
Can sustain prolonged contractions without fatiguing

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14
Q

What is the appearance of a cardiac muscle

A

Striated
Net like structures
Cells connected by gap junctions

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15
Q

What is the appearance of muscle cells?

A

Tubular
One nucleus
Branched

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16
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle?

A

Rhythmic contractions of the heart

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17
Q

What is the purpose of ATP in cardiac muscle?

A

Mitochondrial activity

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18
Q

What is the type of contraction that the cardiac muscle undergoes?

A

Involuntary
Generates own electrical impulses
Each contraction is followed by a rest period; varies rate of contraction

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19
Q

What do smooth and cardiac muscles depend on?

A

Mitochondrial activty to provide energy rich ATP molecules.

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20
Q

What is different about skeletal muscle contraction?

A

May be required to contract fast and sustain contraction for long periods of time.

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21
Q

What does skeletal muscles rely on?

A

Aerobic and anaerobic repiration for ATP production.

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22
Q

What is the pattern of muscle contraction for smooth muscle?

A

Involuntary, slowly contracts, sustained over a long period of time.

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23
Q

What is the pattern of muscle contraction for cardiac muscles?

A

involuntary, each contraction is followed by a rest period, this rest varies by rate of contraction.

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24
Q

What is the pattern of muscle contraction for skeletal muscle?

A

Voluntary, contract according to the sliding filament model.

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25
Q

What does each skeletal muscle consist of?

A

Muscle fibre bundles (each surrounded by a layer of connective tissue) blood vessels and nerves.

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26
Q

What is each muscle fibre consisted of?

A

Many myofibers which are composed of two kinds of myofilaments.

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27
Q

What are the two myofilaments?

A

Actin and Myosin

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28
Q

What is a muscle fibre?

A

A single muscle cell - Responsible for muscle contraction.

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29
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

Oxygen binding pigment in skeletal muscle fibre - stores oxygen for use during muscle contraction.

30
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The cell membrane of a muscle fibre - Surrond muscle fibre and regulates the entry and exit of materials.

31
Q

What is sacroplasm?

A

The cytoplasm of muscle fibre - The site of metabolic processes for normal cell activity contains myoglobin and glycogen.

32
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth ER in a muscle fibre - Stores calcium ions needed for muscle cotractions.

33
Q

What are myofibrils?

A

Made up of even smaller myofilaments which contain protein structures responsible for muscle contraction - Contain myofilaments that are responsible for muscle contraction.

34
Q

What are thick filaments?

A

Fine myofilaments composed of bundles of proteins called myosin (11nm)

35
Q

What are thin filaments?

A

Fine myofilaments that are composed of strands of proteins called actin (5nm)

36
Q

What does muscle contraction involve?

A

The movement of thick myosin filaments past the thin actin filaments.

37
Q

What do the heads of myosin filaments do?

A

The myosin heads attach to the actin and then bend and pull in an inward motion making the entire unit shorter.

38
Q

When a myofilament contracts:

A

The myosin heads move first in a back and inward motion similar to that of flexing your wrist.

39
Q

Since the actin myofilament is chemically bonded to the myosin head:

A

The actin is pulled along with the myosin heads as they flex.

40
Q

One after another myosin heads:

A

Flex and in effect “walk” step by step along the actin.

41
Q

Each step requires:

A

one molecule of ATP to provide the energy to reposition the myosin after each flex.

42
Q

The myosin head can only:

A

attach to the actin when the active sites are exposed.

43
Q

When a muscle is relaxed:

A

the binding sites are blocked by a protein called tropomyosin.

44
Q

What happens when a nerve impulse stimulates a muscle?

A

it causes calcium ions to be released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

45
Q

What does calcium bond to after it is released?

A

Troponin - this causes the tropomyosin to be shifted away from the myosin binding sites.

46
Q

Myosin binds to the:

A

Actin filaments, and with the energy from ATP, the myosin heads bend and pull the actin filaments toward each other, stretching the filament.

47
Q

ATP is also required to:

A

Detach myosin from the actin so it can join to another site further along.

48
Q

What is actin anchored to?

A

Each end of the myofilament is anchored at a position called the Z line. Therefore its movement pulls the z line along with it.

49
Q

What direction does the Z line move?

A

the two z lines are moved into each other causing the muscle to contract.

50
Q

What are the three ways that muscles aqquire ATP

A
  1. Breakdown of creatine phosphate (~1 ATP)
  2. Aerobic respiration (~36 ATP)
  3. Fermintaion or anerobic respiration (~2 ATP)
51
Q

What are aerobic and fermination examples of?

A

The breakdown of glucose.

52
Q

What does muscle contraction require?

A

ATP - however, the skeletal muscle cells of mammals are incapable of storing ATP.

53
Q

How do skeletal muscles store energy?

A

Creatine phosphate, which are broken apart to provide the P to transform ADP to ATP.

54
Q

When is creatine phosphate rebuilt?

A

When the muscle is resting, this happens through the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to creatine.

55
Q

What provides most of the muscles ATP?

A

Aerobic repiration

56
Q

As glycogen and fat are stored in muscle cells therefore?

A

Muscle fibre can use glucose from glycogen and fatty acids from fats as fuel to provide ATP as long as oxygen is avaliable.

57
Q

Under conditions of strenuous exercise, the quantity of energy produced through mitochondrial activity is limited to?

A

The amount of oxygen that the bloodstream is able to transport to the cells.

58
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The breakdown of glucose to lactic acid provides ATP when the mitochondrial process is too slow.

59
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

Refers to the oxygen required after an anaerobic exercise that is needed to convert lactic acid back into pyruvate.

60
Q

What needs to be completed before aerobic activity?

A

The oxygen debt must be filled.

61
Q

What are slow twitch fibres?

A
  • Tend to be aerobic
  • Contract slowly but resist fatigue
  • Tire only when energy supply is gone
  • Have many mitiochondria
  • Surrounded by many dense capillary beds to draw more blood than fast twitch muscles.
62
Q

What are fast-twitch muscles?

A

-Depend on anaerobic respiration
- Vulnerable to lactic acid build-up and muscle fatigue
- Adapted for the rapid regeneration of power
- Rich in glycogen
-Fewer mitochondria
-Fewer blood vessels

63
Q

What is the intermediate form on muscles?

A
  • Fast twitch with high oxidative capacity, therefore more fatigue-resistant
  • Endurance training increases the proportion of these fibres.
  • hereditary plays a role in a proportion of fast twitch and slow twitch fibres.
64
Q

What is muscular dystrophy

A

Skeletal muscles degenerate, lose strength, and are gradually replaced by fatty acids and fibrous tissue that impede blood circulation; this in turn accelerates muscle degeneration in a fatal spiral of positive feedback.

65
Q

What is botulism?

A

Fatal muscular paralysis is caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINIM. The toxin prevents the release of a muscle-stimulating compound release by muscle-related cells of the nervous system thus leading to paralysis.

66
Q

What are cramps?

A

Painful muscle spasms, are caused by strenuous exercise, extreme cold, dehydration, salt imbalance, low blood glucose, or reduced blood flow.

67
Q

What is contracture?

A

Abnormal muscle shortening not caused by nerve stimulations. Can result from the inability to remove calcium ions or from the contraction of scar tissue.

68
Q

What is fibromylgia?

A

Chronic muscular pain and tenderness are often associated with fatigue and sleep disturbances. Can also be caused by infectious diseases, physical or emotional tramua, or medications,

69
Q

What is crush syndrome?

A

A shock-like state following the massive crushing of the muscles. Associated with high fever, heart regulations caused by potassium ions released from the muscles and kidney failure blockage of the renal tubules.

70
Q

What is DOMS.

A

Delayed onset muscle soreness - Pain, stiffness and tenderness felt from several hours to a day after strenuous exercise. Associated with trauma to the muscles, disruptions in the myofibrils and sarcolemma and increased levels of myoglobin and muscle fibre enzymes in the blood.

71
Q

What is myosisits?

A

Muscle inflammation and weakness resulting from infection or an autoimmune disease.

bio 20 ap (11 decks)

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