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Bio 20 AP > Exceretion > Flashcards

Exceretion Flashcards

1
Q

What is excretion?

A

Process by which the body seperate metabolic wastes from body fluios and eliminates them from the body

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2
Q

What are the 3 main ways in which the body excretes waste?

A

Lungs - Eliminate CO2
Skin excretes water, salt, urea in perspiration
Large intestine excretes water, salt, lipids, pigments and other chemicals.

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3
Q

What are metabolic wastes?

A

Any substance produced by the body and present in excess of the bodies needs

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4
Q

What is the result of protein metabolism?

A

Nitrogenous waste

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5
Q

What does the liver do to help excretion?

A

Converts ammonia to urea which is 1000x less toxic

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6
Q

What make up the majoriy of nitrogenous waste in the body?

A

Urea

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7
Q

What are the three main function of the kidneys?

A

Removal of wastes - mainly nitrgoenus wastes produced by the deamination.
Balancing of the blood pH
Maintaining water balance (osmatic pressure)

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8
Q

What is the adrenal gland?

A

Sites atop the kidney and produces hormones such as aldestrone

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9
Q

What is the kidney?

A

Made up of three regions and contains the nephrons which are the actual functional units of the kidney

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10
Q

What is the renal artey?

A

Blood vessels that carry blood from the aorta to the kidney.

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11
Q

What is the renal vein?

A

Blood vessel that takes blood from the kidney back to the inferior vena cava.

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12
Q

What connects the Renal artery and Vein?

A

Capillaries found in the glomerulus and in the nephron.

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13
Q

What are Ureters?

A

Long tubes that transport urine produced in kidneys to bladder. Move urine through paristalsis.

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14
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

Muscular sack for sorage of urine before it is released.

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15
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Where urine is released from the bladder.

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16
Q

What two spincters controll release of urine?

A

Inner sphincters - Relaxes involuntary when the brain sends a signal that is full (200ml)
Outer sphincter - under voluntary control and is relaxed during urination.

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17
Q

Excretory system disorders: What is Protienuria?

A

-Protienuria is the presence of proteins in urine.

-Proteins can be forced through the glomerulus due to overproduction of proteins, pregnancy, a side effect of medication, high blood pressure, or malaria.

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18
Q

Excretory system disorders: What is Protienuria?

A

-Protienuria is the presence of proteins in urine.

-Proteins can be forced through the glomerulus due to overproduction of proteins, pregnancy, a side effect of medication, high blood pressure, or malaria.

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19
Q

How long is the urethra in males vs. females?

A

Males - 20cm long and merges with the vas deffrenes of the reproductive tract.
Females 4 cm lnog and is sperate from the reproductive tract.

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20
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

Provides a thin layer of protection for the outer layers of the kidney.

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21
Q

Excretory disorders: What is diabetes mellitus, what are some symptoms and what can it be treated with?

A

The pancreas is not producing enough insulin or the cells of the body are not responding properly to the insulin produced.

Symptoms include excessive urination, extreme thirst, increased glucose levels in urine. This can be treated with insulin

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22
Q

What is the renal capsule?

A

Outer region of the kidney each contains filtering mechanisms.

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23
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Middle region which contains long loops of the nephron and the collecting tubules where urine is gathered.

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24
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel like structure into which urine from the collecting duct enters.

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25
Q

What is a nephron?

A

Filtering mechanisms of the kindney

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26
Q

What is the rentals arterys job in relation to the nephron?

A

Supply blood to the nephron

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27
Q

what is the renal veins job in relation to the nephron?

A

Take blood away from the kidney after being filtered.

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28
Q

Excretory System disorders: What is renal insufficiency?

A

-General term meaning that kidneys can not maintain homeostasis due to damage of the nephron.

-Caused by kidney infection, diabetes mellitus, poisoning, blockage of tubules, high B.P., trauma and atherosclerosis.

-Treatment: Nephrons can regenerate and recover from injury. A person can survive with as little as 1/3 of kidney. If the urine output is inadequate a kidney transplant is required.

29
Q

What is the steps along the nephron?

A
  1. Bowman’s capsule
  2. Proximal tubule
  3. Loop of Henle
  4. Distal tubule
  5. Collecting duct
30
Q

What is golemerular filtration?

A
  1. Blood pressure forces small molecules from the glomerulus into bowman’s capluse
  2. Materials moved are water, glucose, ammino acids, salts and urea
  3. Fluid that passes through is called filtrate
31
Q

What is tubular reabsorption?

A

Diffusion and active transport return molecules to blood at the proximal tibule
Water moves via somosis
Glocuse, ammino acids, and minerals moved by diffusion and active sites

32
Q

What is tubular secretion?

A

Active transport moves wastes from the blood to the distal tubules.
Hydrogen ions may secreted to adjust blood pH

33
Q

What is water reabsorption?

A

Water returns by osmosis following the active transport of salt.
Occues along the length of the nephron but notbily and the loop of Henle and collecting duct

34
Q

Excretory system disorders: What are kidney stones, how are they formed, what do they cause, how can they be treated?

A

-Typically form due to excess Ca in urine.

-Causes: insufficient water consumption, recurrent UTIs, low activity levels.

-Treatment: Pass them, ultrasound, or surgery.

35
Q

What is the filtration structure at the top of each nephron?

A

Bowman’s Capsule

36
Q

Within each capsule:

A

A renal artery enters and splits into a fine network of cappilaries called the glomerulus.

37
Q

Excretory system disorders: What is a Urinary tract infection (UTI) and how can it be treated?

A

-May be bacterial or viral symptoms: pain/burning when urinating, frequent urination, brownish or reddish urine, chills, fever, nausea, lower back pain

-Treatment: Antibiotics

38
Q

What do the walls of the glomerulus act as?

A

A filtration device

39
Q

The walls of the glomerulus are:.

A

Impermeable to proteins, other large molecules and red blood cells so that these stay inside the cell.

40
Q

What pass through the walls of the glomerulus?

A

Water
Small molecules
Ions
Urea

41
Q

What is the difference between Cystitis and Urethritis?

A

-Cystitis: infection of bladder
-Urethritis: infection of urethra

42
Q

What is filtrate?

A

The filters fluid that proceeds from the glomeruls into the bowman’s capsule of the nephron.

43
Q

What are two factors that contribute to filtration?

A

Glomerular cappilaries - have many PORES large enough to allow water and most dissolved substances throug hbut hold bad blood cells, platelets and proteins.
Blood pressure - Blood pressure is high as blood is rushed into the glomeruls

44
Q

Excretory system disorders: What is Diabetes Insipidus and what are some symptoms?

A

-The body is not producing enough ADH or the nephrons and kidneys do not respond properly to the ADH produced

-Symptoms: Excessive urination and extreme thirst

45
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule connected to?

A

Tubule

46
Q

What are the three section of the tubule?

A

Proximal - closest to bowman’s capsule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule - clostest to collecting duct

47
Q

How is the tubule similar to the small intestine?

A

Can reabsorb substances that are useful to the body from filtrate.

48
Q

Maintaining Blood pH: What happens when blood into acidic? What happens when blood is too basic?

A

Blood too acidic: H+ excreted HCO3- is reabsorbed

Blood to basic: H+ NOT excreted, HCO3- not reabsorbed

49
Q

How is the tubule different from the small intestine?

A

The tubule secretes substances into the surrounding tissues

50
Q

What are three process in which the proximal tubule recovers substances?

A

Active transport - the proximal tubule has many mitochondria to supply ATP to actively transport Na+, glocose, ammino acids, and other solutes back into blood,
Passive transport - Cl- ions passivly follow Na+ ions by charge attraction.
Osmosis - What er follows the ions and is reabsorbed into the blood (hypertonic - hypotonic)

51
Q

Maintaining blood pH: What pH is blood

A

Blood pH remains relatively constant at about 7.4

52
Q

What is the function of the loop of Henle?

A

Reabsorbs water ions from filtrate

53
Q

What are the three components of the loop of Henle?

A

Descending - As the loop of henle descends tinto the medulla region it encounters a salty enviroment
The bend ~ Is not permeable to water, Na+ concentration is at is max and diffuses from nephron to the blood.
Ascending limb - Na+ is actively transported from nephron into blood, maintains salty envrioment for continued H2O reabsoption. 2/3 of Na+ and H2O is reabsorbed

54
Q

Maintaining blood pH: What does cellular respiration produce? And what does it affect?

A

-Cellular respiration produces CO2 and H2O which forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), lowering blood pH.

-As respiration rate increases, so does carbonic acid production.

-The kidneys excrete H+ (hydrogen ions) and reabsorb HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) as needed to help maintain blood pH.

55
Q

Maintaining blood pH: What does cellular respiration produce? And what does it affect?

A

-Cellular respiration produces CO2 and H2O which forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), lowering blood pH.

-As respiration rate increases, so does carbonic acid production.

-The kidneys excrete H+ (hydrogen ions) and reabsorb HCO3- (bicarbonate ions) as needed to help maintain blood pH.

56
Q

What happens when aldosterone is released?

A
  1. Distal tubules and collecting duct are stimulated to reabsorb Na+
  2. Cl- and water follow
  3. Increased blood pressure
  4. Decreased urine output

(Aldosterone also causes K+ to be secreted into the nephron if K+ concentration in the blood is too high)

57
Q

What waste substances are secreted from the blood to the distal tubule for elmination?

A

Urea, Uric acid, and amoonia still in the blood.
K+ ions are actively secreted
Penicilin and other drugs

58
Q

Salt reabsorption: How do kidneys regulate salt balance?

A

Kidneys regulate salt balance in the blood by controlling excretion of Na+ and K+

59
Q

What does the distal tubule empty out to?

A

Collecting duct

60
Q

Salt reabsorption: Where is the hormone aldosterone produced? And what does it do?

A

-Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal gland above the kidney.

-Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb sodium ions

61
Q

What does the collecting duct act as?

A

Water conservation device. Reclaiming water from the filtrate passing through it so that very little water is lost from the body

62
Q

The collecting duct extends into the medulla and into an increasingly salt enviroment this facilitates what?

A

Water reaborption

63
Q

The filtrate that remains in the collecting ducts is a:

A

Suspension of water and various solutes and particles. It is now called urine

64
Q

Salt reabsorption: What is low blood pressure detected by and what does that cause?

A

Low blood pressure is detected by sensors in the glomerulus, and aldosterone is released.

65
Q

If you are dehydrated what happens to your permability of water?

A

It increases

66
Q

The solutes and water reclaimed during reabsoption are:

A

Returned to the body via renal veins.

67
Q

What does the release of ADH control?

A

Controls the amount of water reabsorbed or excreted in urine.

68
Q

If you are dehydrated (eg. sweating during exercise), blood plasma becomes too concentrated, osmotic pressure increases and as a result what happens?

A
  1. Hypothalamus shrinks as water moves into blood (sensation of thirst)

2.Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus then send an impulse to the pituitary gland

  1. ADH is released from pituitary gland and travels to kidney (through the blood)
  2. ADH causes increased permeability of the distal tubules and collecting duct of the nephron.
  3. Result: more water is reabsorbed into blood
  4. Blood is more dilute and osmotic pressure decreases.

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Bio 20 AP (11 decks)

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