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Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The most important chemical process on Earth

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2
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts and other photosynthetic organisms?

A

Trap the suns energy and transform energy-rich chemical compounds and oxygen. Both essential for life of earth.

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3
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + Light —> C6H12O6 + O2

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4
Q

What do the mitochondria do during cellular respiration?

A

Break down high energy carbohydrates to generate ATP energy to fuel all life functions.

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5
Q

What do the mitochondria do during cellular respiration?

A

Break down high energy carbohydrates to generate ATP energy to fuel all life functions.

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6
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + ATP

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7
Q

What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate )

A

The direct source of energy for nearly all energy requiring activities of living organisms.

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8
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of ATP (endo/exo) why?

A

Endothermic reaction. Energy must be added to make ATP.

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9
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP.

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10
Q

What is Dephosphorylation?

A

The removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP gives off off energy.

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11
Q

What is the formula for Phosphorylation?

A

ADP + P + Energy——> ATP

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12
Q

What is the equation for Dephosphorylation?

A

ATP ——> ADP + P + Energy

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13
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form or be transferred from one object to another.

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14
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy(disorder) in a system always increases. Nothing is 100% efficient, most often in energy conversions some heat is lost.

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15
Q

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is used to break down ATP, why?

A

Hydrolysis - the breakdown of ATP is used to power many energy requiring cellular reactions.

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17
Q

The bonds between phosphates in ATP are which type of molecular bond?

A

High energy

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18
Q

When a high energy bond is broken within ATP what happens?

A

Energy is released

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19
Q

What is reaction coupling?

A

The method by which energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used.

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20
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place within the plant cell?

A

Chloroplasts

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21
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Chloroplast

A

Contain chlorophyll, a photosynthesis pigment which absorbs solar energy, but reflects green light

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22
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Stroma

What reaction occurs here?

A

Fluid filling the chloroplasts. Light independent reaction occurs here.

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23
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Thylakoids

A

Sacs of chlorophyll, has a photosynthetic membrane, where the light dependent reaction occurs.

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24
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Grana

A

Sacks of thylakoid disks.

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25
Parts of the chloroplast: Cartenoids
Accessory pigment: Absorb blue and violet light, but reflect yellow(absorb light energy and transfer it to the chlorophyll)
26
Parts of the chloroplast: Starch Grains
Made by photosynthesis
27
Parts of the chloroplast: Chlorophyll
Gives plants their green colour, in autumn plants stop producing chlorophyll causing leaves to change colours.
28
What is chromatography?
A lab technique for separating mixtures. The mixture is dissolved in a solvent and travels with the solvent. Due to the structure of the pigments same travel further than others.
29
What is Rf value determined by?
The ratio of the distance moved by the solute (pigment) and distance travelled by solvent (or solvent front)
30
What is Rf value determined by?
The ratio of the distance moved by the solute (pigment) and distance travelled by solvent (or solvent front)
31
In what type of cells are many mitochondria found?
Liver and muscle cells
32
Parts of mitochondria: Cristea
The deep inner membrane w/ many deep infoldinfgs. This provides a large surface area for ATP production
33
Parts of mitochondria: Matrix
Fluid filled region within the Cristae
34
What is a metabolic pathway?
Chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in a series of steps by step reactions.
35
What is a metabolic pathway?
Chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in a series of steps by step reactions.
36
What is the purpose of step by step reactions within the metabolic pathway?
Slow release of energy
37
What is metabolism?
All chemical reactions that occur within a life cell to support and sustain it’s life functions.
38
What are the two types of metabolic reactions?
1. Anabolic pathway 2. Catabolic pathway
39
What is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?
They are opposite
40
What is the anabolic pathway
Synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy. Photosynthesis.
41
What is the catabolic pathway?
Break down larger molecules into smaller ones and release energy? Respiration.
42
What is the role of enzymes in the metabolic pathways?
Specialized proteins (enzymes) act as biological catalysts that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reactions in metabolic pathways.
43
What would happen in the absence of enzymes?
High temperatures would be required to activate reactions which organisms couldn’t survive.
44
What is oxidation in REDOX Reactions.
Loss of electrons in a chemical reaction.
45
What is reduction in Redox reactions.
Gain of electrons in a chemical reaction.
46
What is a mnemonic used to reserve REDOX reactions?
LEO the lion says GER
47
What is reducing power?
Compounds contain more chemical energy in reduced form than they do oxidized form, and said to have reducing power.
48
What are 5 characteristics is pigments?
1. Photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast absorb light energy 2. Energy is passed on to other chemicals, this results in the synthesis of the high energy compound - glucose 3. Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment. It is green because it reflects green and absorbs red and blue light. 4. Carotenoids are another class of pigments (ex: carotene). The absorb blue and green and reflect yellow, orange, and red 5. Having a greater variety of pigments, enables a plant to use a greater percentage of the suns light
49
What is the definition of photosystems?
Within chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in clusters in the thylakoid membrane. These clusters are called photosystems.
50
What two photosystems does the capture of light energy rely on?
Photosystems 1 & 2
51
What happens when light hits a photosystems?
Energy is absorbed and electrons are promoted to an electron acceptor at a higher energy level
52
What is the ETS?
Electron Transport System - the means by which ATP production occurs within cells. It is a series of progressively stronger electron acceptors. Each time an electron is transported a small amount of energy is released. This energy can be used to attach a phosphate to ADP creating ATP.
53
What is Aerobic cellular respiration?
- Requires oxygen -Carried out by animals, fungi, plants - Produces 36 ATP, CO2, H20
54
What steps does Aerboic cellular respiration have?
1. Glycolysis 2. Krebs Cycle prep 3. Krebs Cycle 4. ETS and chemiosmosis
55
What is anaerobic respiration?
- Does not reuqire oxygen - Carried out by organsims in Anoxic conditions like bacteria and archaea Involves electron trasnport
56
What is fermintation?
Does not require oxygen Occus in yeast, bacteria, plants and muscles cells Produces 2 ATP and either enthonal or lactic acid
57
What steps make up fermintation?
1. Glycolysis 2. Fermintation
58
What is the first stage of Aerobic respiration?
1. Glycolysis - Glcuose splits into two molecules of pyruvate (C3) and releases 4 ATP The breadkwon of glucose requires an activation of 2 ATP - Glycolysis also produces electrons that combone with the electron carrier NAH+ into NADH If oxygen is not available pyruvate goes to fermintation
59
What is the toal yeild for stage 1 of cellular respiration?
4 ATP - Net 2 2 NADH
60
What is stage 2 of cellular respiration?
Krebes cycle prep 2 Pyruvates enter matrix of mitochondria where: 1. CO2 is removed - turns into 2C chain 2. NAD+ is reduced to NAHD 3. Co enzyme A binds to 2C chain forming acetyel CoA
61
What is the purpose of Acetyl-CoA
Acts like a tow truck delivering 2C chain to Krebes cycle and releasing
62
What is stage 3 of cellular respiration?
Each acetyl-CoA enters a Krebes cycle by combining with a 4C compound - turning it into a 6C chain Each Krebes cycle is a series of reactions in which: - Two Carbon atoms anr fully oxidized to fomr CO2 (waste) - NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2 - Two molecule of ATP is produced
63
What is stage four of cellular respiration?
ETS and Chemiosmosis - NADH and FADH2 from Krebes cycle donate electrons to ETS - As electrons are passed from one carrier to the next the energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions from matrix into intermembrane space - Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - the resulting molecule is water - Chemiosmosis occurs when through channels created by ATP synthase, down the concentration gradient, back into the matrix of the cristae and ATP is produced
64
what is the byproduct of cellular respiratinon stage 1?
2 NADH 4 ATP (Net 2)
65
In stage 2 of cellular respiration what are the by-products?
2CO2 2 NAHD
66
In stage 3 of cellular respiration what are the by-products?
4CO2 6NADH 2 FADH2 2 ATP
67
What are the total cellular respiration by products?
6 CO2 10 NADH - 30 ATP 2 FADH2 - 4 ATP 4 ATP - Net 2
68
What is fermentation?
Occurs in anaerobic organisms or aerobic organisms when Oxygen isn't availiable - NADH generated from glycolysis reduces pyruvate to another compound - Produces 2 ATP - Takes place in Cytoplasm
69
What are the two type of fermentation?
Lactate Fermintation Ethonal Fermintation
70
What is lactate fermintation?
NADH is used to convert pyruvate to lactate The resulting NAD+ is recycled so that glycolysis can continue
71
What is ethonal Fermentation?
Pyruvate is converted to carbon dioxide and ethonal
72
What is step one of light dependent reactions?
Light energy excites an electron in photosystem one The electron is transperd to electron acceptor Photolysis splits apart water into 4e- 4H+ and O2 The electron from water replaces the electron lost from photosystem 2 Oxygen is waste product
73
What is step 2 of light dependent reactions?
The energized electron from photosystem 2 travels down an ETS Energy released will be used to create ATP by chemiosmosis - H+ ions are forced across thylakoid membrane, concentration gradienent, H+ ions move over ATP synthase - as H+ ions move back into cell ATP is produced
74
What is step 3 of light dependent reactions?
Light energy excites an electron from photosystem 1 Electron from ETS replaces photosystem 1
75
What is step 4 of light dependent reactions?
The electron acceptor send the electron from photosystem 1 through another ETS Reulsing energy is used to reduce NADP to NADPH
76
What is the first step of the light independent reactions?
CO2 enters stroma and combines with 5 carbon RuBP forming unstable 6 Carbon chain that immeditly splits into two three-carbon chains called PGA
77
What is step 2 of of the light independent reactions?
2 PGA molecules are activated by ATP and reduced by NADPH Results in PGAL Some of PGAL is used to form glucose - most replaces RuBP
78
What is step three of of the light independent reactions?
Most PGAL are used to regenerate RuBP with energy from ATP in 6 cycles 12 PGAL are made 10 reform RuBP and 2 from glucose

Bio 20 AP (11 decks)

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