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Bio 20 AP > Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Photosynthesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The most important chemical process on Earth

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2
Q

What is the role of chloroplasts and other photosynthetic organisms?

A

Trap the suns energy and transform energy-rich chemical compounds and oxygen. Both essential for life of earth.

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3
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

CO2 + H2O + Light —> C6H12O6 + O2

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4
Q

What do the mitochondria do during cellular respiration?

A

Break down high energy carbohydrates to generate ATP energy to fuel all life functions.

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5
Q

What do the mitochondria do during cellular respiration?

A

Break down high energy carbohydrates to generate ATP energy to fuel all life functions.

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6
Q

What is the formula for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + O2 —> CO2 + H2O + ATP

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7
Q

What is ATP (adenosine triphosphate )

A

The direct source of energy for nearly all energy requiring activities of living organisms.

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8
Q

What type of reaction is the formation of ATP (endo/exo) why?

A

Endothermic reaction. Energy must be added to make ATP.

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9
Q

What is Phosphorylation?

A

The addition of a phosphate molecule to ADP.

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10
Q

What is Dephosphorylation?

A

The removal of a phosphate molecule from ATP gives off off energy.

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11
Q

What is the formula for Phosphorylation?

A

ADP + P + Energy——> ATP

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12
Q

What is the equation for Dephosphorylation?

A

ATP ——> ADP + P + Energy

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13
Q

What is the first law of thermodynamics?

A

Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change form or be transferred from one object to another.

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14
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Entropy(disorder) in a system always increases. Nothing is 100% efficient, most often in energy conversions some heat is lost.

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15
Q

What is the main energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

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16
Q

What is used to break down ATP, why?

A

Hydrolysis - the breakdown of ATP is used to power many energy requiring cellular reactions.

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17
Q

The bonds between phosphates in ATP are which type of molecular bond?

A

High energy

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18
Q

When a high energy bond is broken within ATP what happens?

A

Energy is released

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19
Q

What is reaction coupling?

A

The method by which energy from the hydrolysis of ATP is used.

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20
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place within the plant cell?

A

Chloroplasts

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21
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Chloroplast

A

Contain chlorophyll, a photosynthesis pigment which absorbs solar energy, but reflects green light

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22
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Stroma

What reaction occurs here?

A

Fluid filling the chloroplasts. Light independent reaction occurs here.

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23
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Thylakoids

A

Sacs of chlorophyll, has a photosynthetic membrane, where the light dependent reaction occurs.

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24
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Grana

A

Sacks of thylakoid disks.

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25
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Cartenoids

A

Accessory pigment: Absorb blue and violet light, but reflect yellow(absorb light energy and transfer it to the chlorophyll)

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26
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Starch Grains

A

Made by photosynthesis

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27
Q

Parts of the chloroplast: Chlorophyll

A

Gives plants their green colour, in autumn plants stop producing chlorophyll causing leaves to change colours.

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28
Q

What is chromatography?

A

A lab technique for separating mixtures. The mixture is dissolved in a solvent and travels with the solvent. Due to the structure of the pigments same travel further than others.

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29
Q

What is Rf value determined by?

A

The ratio of the distance moved by the solute (pigment) and distance travelled by solvent (or solvent front)

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30
Q

What is Rf value determined by?

A

The ratio of the distance moved by the solute (pigment) and distance travelled by solvent (or solvent front)

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31
Q

In what type of cells are many mitochondria found?

A

Liver and muscle cells

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32
Q

Parts of mitochondria: Cristea

A

The deep inner membrane w/ many deep infoldinfgs. This provides a large surface area for ATP production

33
Q

Parts of mitochondria: Matrix

A

Fluid filled region within the Cristae

34
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

Chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in a series of steps by step reactions.

35
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

Chemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular respiration take place in a series of steps by step reactions.

36
Q

What is the purpose of step by step reactions within the metabolic pathway?

A

Slow release of energy

37
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions that occur within a life cell to support and sustain it’s life functions.

38
Q

What are the two types of metabolic reactions?

A
  1. Anabolic pathway
  2. Catabolic pathway
39
Q

What is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic pathways?

A

They are opposite

40
Q

What is the anabolic pathway

A

Synthesize larger molecules from smaller ones and require energy. Photosynthesis.

41
Q

What is the catabolic pathway?

A

Break down larger molecules into smaller ones and release energy? Respiration.

42
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the metabolic pathways?

A

Specialized proteins (enzymes) act as biological catalysts that reduce the amount of activation energy needed for the reactions in metabolic pathways.

43
Q

What would happen in the absence of enzymes?

A

High temperatures would be required to activate reactions which organisms couldn’t survive.

44
Q

What is oxidation in REDOX Reactions.

A

Loss of electrons in a chemical reaction.

45
Q

What is reduction in Redox reactions.

A

Gain of electrons in a chemical reaction.

46
Q

What is a mnemonic used to reserve REDOX reactions?

A

LEO the lion says GER

47
Q

What is reducing power?

A

Compounds contain more chemical energy in reduced form than they do oxidized form, and said to have reducing power.

48
Q

What are 5 characteristics is pigments?

A
  1. Photosynthetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplast absorb light energy
  2. Energy is passed on to other chemicals, this results in the synthesis of the high energy compound - glucose
  3. Chlorophyll is the main photosynthetic pigment. It is green because it reflects green and absorbs red and blue light.
  4. Carotenoids are another class of pigments (ex: carotene). The absorb blue and green and reflect yellow, orange, and red
  5. Having a greater variety of pigments, enables a plant to use a greater percentage of the suns light
49
Q

What is the definition of photosystems?

A

Within chloroplasts, chlorophyll is found in clusters in the thylakoid membrane. These clusters are called photosystems.

50
Q

What two photosystems does the capture of light energy rely on?

A

Photosystems 1 & 2

51
Q

What happens when light hits a photosystems?

A

Energy is absorbed and electrons are promoted to an electron acceptor at a higher energy level

52
Q

What is the ETS?

A

Electron Transport System - the means by which ATP production occurs within cells. It is a series of progressively stronger electron acceptors. Each time an electron is transported a small amount of energy is released. This energy can be used to attach a phosphate to ADP creating ATP.

53
Q

What is Aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  • Requires oxygen
    -Carried out by animals, fungi, plants
  • Produces 36 ATP, CO2, H20
54
Q

What steps does Aerboic cellular respiration have?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Krebs Cycle prep
  3. Krebs Cycle
  4. ETS and chemiosmosis
55
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A
  • Does not reuqire oxygen
  • Carried out by organsims in Anoxic conditions like bacteria and archaea
    Involves electron trasnport
56
Q

What is fermintation?

A

Does not require oxygen
Occus in yeast, bacteria, plants and muscles cells
Produces 2 ATP and either enthonal or lactic acid

57
Q

What steps make up fermintation?

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Fermintation
58
Q

What is the first stage of Aerobic respiration?

A
  1. Glycolysis
    - Glcuose splits into two molecules of pyruvate (C3) and releases 4 ATP
    The breadkwon of glucose requires an activation of 2 ATP
    - Glycolysis also produces electrons that combone with the electron carrier NAH+ into NADH
    If oxygen is not available pyruvate goes to fermintation
59
Q

What is the toal yeild for stage 1 of cellular respiration?

A

4 ATP - Net 2
2 NADH

60
Q

What is stage 2 of cellular respiration?

A

Krebes cycle prep
2 Pyruvates enter matrix of mitochondria where:
1. CO2 is removed - turns into 2C chain
2. NAD+ is reduced to NAHD
3. Co enzyme A binds to 2C chain forming acetyel CoA

61
Q

What is the purpose of Acetyl-CoA

A

Acts like a tow truck delivering 2C chain to Krebes cycle and releasing

62
Q

What is stage 3 of cellular respiration?

A

Each acetyl-CoA enters a Krebes cycle by combining with a 4C compound - turning it into a 6C chain
Each Krebes cycle is a series of reactions in which:
- Two Carbon atoms anr fully oxidized to fomr CO2 (waste)
- NAD+ and FAD are reduced to NADH and FADH2
- Two molecule of ATP is produced

63
Q

What is stage four of cellular respiration?

A

ETS and Chemiosmosis
- NADH and FADH2 from Krebes cycle donate electrons to ETS
- As electrons are passed from one carrier to the next the energy released is used to pump hydrogen ions from matrix into intermembrane space
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor - the resulting molecule is water
- Chemiosmosis occurs when through channels created by ATP synthase, down the concentration gradient, back into the matrix of the cristae and ATP is produced

64
Q

what is the byproduct of cellular respiratinon stage 1?

A

2 NADH
4 ATP (Net 2)

65
Q

In stage 2 of cellular respiration what are the by-products?

A

2CO2
2 NAHD

66
Q

In stage 3 of cellular respiration what are the by-products?

A

4CO2
6NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

67
Q

What are the total cellular respiration by products?

A

6 CO2
10 NADH - 30 ATP
2 FADH2 - 4 ATP
4 ATP - Net 2

68
Q

What is fermentation?

A

Occurs in anaerobic organisms or aerobic organisms when Oxygen isn’t availiable
- NADH generated from glycolysis reduces pyruvate to another compound
- Produces 2 ATP
- Takes place in Cytoplasm

69
Q

What are the two type of fermentation?

A

Lactate Fermintation
Ethonal Fermintation

70
Q

What is lactate fermintation?

A

NADH is used to convert pyruvate to lactate
The resulting NAD+ is recycled so that glycolysis can continue

71
Q

What is ethonal Fermentation?

A

Pyruvate is converted to carbon dioxide and ethonal

72
Q

What is step one of light dependent reactions?

A

Light energy excites an electron in photosystem one
The electron is transperd to electron acceptor
Photolysis splits apart water into 4e- 4H+ and O2
The electron from water replaces the electron lost from photosystem 2
Oxygen is waste product

73
Q

What is step 2 of light dependent reactions?

A

The energized electron from photosystem 2 travels down an ETS
Energy released will be used to create ATP by chemiosmosis - H+ ions are forced across thylakoid membrane, concentration gradienent, H+ ions move over ATP synthase - as H+ ions move back into cell ATP is produced

74
Q

What is step 3 of light dependent reactions?

A

Light energy excites an electron from photosystem 1
Electron from ETS replaces photosystem 1

75
Q

What is step 4 of light dependent reactions?

A

The electron acceptor send the electron from photosystem 1 through another ETS
Reulsing energy is used to reduce NADP to NADPH

76
Q

What is the first step of the light independent reactions?

A

CO2 enters stroma and combines with 5 carbon RuBP forming unstable 6 Carbon chain that immeditly splits into two three-carbon chains called PGA

77
Q

What is step 2 of of the light independent reactions?

A

2 PGA molecules are activated by ATP and reduced by NADPH
Results in PGAL
Some of PGAL is used to form glucose - most replaces RuBP

78
Q

What is step three of of the light independent reactions?

A

Most PGAL are used to regenerate RuBP with energy from ATP
in 6 cycles 12 PGAL are made
10 reform RuBP and 2 from glucose

Bio 20 AP (11 decks)

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