Respiration 112 Final Wilson Flashcards
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air into and out of lungs so that gases are continuously changed and refreshed
external respiration,
Movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood and of CO2 from the blood to lungs
transport of respiratory gases,
Transport of O2 from lungs to the tissues and of CO2 from tissue to lungs via blood in circulatory system.
internal respiration,
Movement of O2 from blood to tissues and CO2 from tissues to blood
ventilation-perfusion coupling,
In the lungs vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia diverts pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas.
alveoli,
Thin walled air sacs
alveolar sac,
terminal clusters of alveoli
surfactant,
A detergent like compound to reduce surface tension
pleura,
thin, double-layered serosa
cardiac notch,
a concavity in the left lungs medial aspect (makes room for the heart)
compliance,
ease with which lungs and chest wall expand (elasticity of lungs and surface tension)
surface tension,
unequal tension between liquid molecules and gas molecules
tidal volume,
measures amount of air moved during quiet breathing
residual volume,
Permanently trapped air in the lungs (1200 mL)
expiratory/inspiratory reserve volumes,
- Inspiratory reserve volume: measures amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (3100 mL)
- Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air that can be expired forcibly after a normal TV expiration (1200 mL)
vital capacity,
sums of inspiratory, tidal and expiratory volumes
total lung capacity,
sums of ALL volumes
Dalton’s law,
- Air is composed of 21% O2, 79% N2, and .04% CO2
- Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure=partial pressure (p)
- Total pressure is sum of all partial pressures
acclimatization
adjusting to environment over long exposure
nasal polyps,
Outgrowths of the mucous membranes which are usually found around the openings of the paranasal sinuses.
pleurisy,
inflammation of pleura
apnea,
temporary suspension or absence of breathing
dyspnea,
difficult or labored breathing
hypercapnea,
excessive CO2 in the blood
pneumothorax,
presence of air in the pleural cavity
asthma,
spasms of smooth muscle in bronchial tubes that result in partial or complete closure of air passageways
hypoxia,
oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
emphysema,
distinguished by permanent enlargement of the alveoli, accompanied by destruction of the alveolar walls
tuberculosis,
inflammation of pleurae and lungs produced by an orangism
`pneumonia
acute inflammation of the alveoli
What are the parts of the respiratory system?
- Nose/paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs & pleurae
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Nose?
Features:
• Divisions: 1) External nose and 2) nasal cavity
• Skin, nasal bones, & cartilage lined with mucous membrane
• Openings called external nares or nostrils
Fuctions
• Airway
• Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
• Receives olfactory stimuli
• Serves as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Paranasal sinuses?
Features:
• Mucosa-lined, air-filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding nasal cavity
Function:
• Lightens skull
• Airway
• Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
• Serves as large, hollow resonating chambers to modify speech sounds
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Pharynx?
Features:
• Passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus
• 3 subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
• Houses tonsils
Function:
• Passageway for air and food
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Larynx?
Features:
• Connects pharynx to trachea
• Has framework of cartilage and dense connective tissue
• Opening can be closed by epiglottis or vocal folds
• Houses vocal folds
Function:
• Air passageway
• Prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the trachea?
Features:
• Flexible tube running form larynx and dividing inferiorly into to main bronchi
• Walls contain C-shaped cartilages
Function:
• Air passageway
• Cleans, warms, and moistens incoming air
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the bronchial tree?
Feature:
• Consists of right & left main bronchi, which subdivide within the lungs to form lobar and segmental bronchi and bronchioles
• Bronchiolar walls lack cartilage but contain complete layer of smooth muscles
• Constriction of this muscle impedes espiration
Function:
• Air passageways connecting trachea with alveoli
• Cleans, warms and moistens incoming air
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the alveoli?
Features:
• Microscopic chambers at termini of bronchial tree
• Walls of simple squamous epithelium overlie thin basement membrane
• External surfaces are intimately associated with pulmonary capillaries
• Special alveolar cells produce surfactant (type II)
Function:
• Main sites of gas exchange
• Surfactant reduces surface tension; helps prevent lung collapse
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the lungs?
Features:
• Paired composite organs that flank mediastinum in thorax
• Composed primarily of alveoli and respiratory passageways
• Stroma is fibrous elastic connective tissue, allowing lungs to recoil passively during expiration
Function:
• House respiratory passages smaller than the main bronchi
What is the main anatomical features/functional role of the Plurae?
Features:
• Serous membranes
• Parietal pleura lines thoracic cavity
• Visceral pleura covers external lung surfaces
Function:
• Produce lubricating fluid and compartmentalize lungs
role of epiglottis,
bends to cover glottis during swallowing
which vocal cords involved in speech production?
Inferior pair; (true vocal cords, glottis)
roles of different cell types in alveoli,
- Type I alveolar cells: where gas exchange occurs
- Type II alveolar cell: secretes surfactant
- Alveolar dust cells: remove debris
which lung is larger?
Right lung due to the cardiac notch
Mechanism of pulmonary ventilation (inspiration/expiration; how air moves, what muscles are involved?),
• Inspiration: chest expands increasing volume
• Expiration: Chest compresses decreasing volume
• Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles involved
Air moves due to Boyle’s Law (more volume, less pressure; less volume, more pressure)
three factors that influence ventilation,
- Airway resistance
- Alveolar surface tension
- Lung compliance
respiratory volumes
- Tidal volume:
- Inspiratory reserve volume:
- Expiratory reserve volume:
- Residual volume:
Three steps in gas exchange,
- Ventilation:
- External (pulmonary) respiration: in lungs
- Internal (tissue) respiraton: in tissues
role of hemoglobin in carrying respiratory gases,
- O2 binds to Heme
* CO2 binds to globin
role of bicarbonate in carrying CO2,
carries 70% of CO2; CO2 + H2O combine to form carbonic acid that dissociates into H+ and bicarbonate ion
role of ventral & dorsal respiratory groups/ pontine center in breathing control,
- Dorsal respiratory group: sensory inputs from periphery
- Ventral respiratory group: motor rhythm generation (exciting breathing muscles)
- Pontine Center: smooth respiratory movement; modifiers for breathing (indirect; fine tunes)
effects of high altitude
- short term effects: acute mountain sickness (nausea, headaches, shortness of breath, dizziness)
- Long term effects: will lead to acclimatization and EPO production (increased RBC’s)
