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A&P Lecture 112 > Blood 112 Final Wilson > Flashcards

Blood 112 Final Wilson Flashcards

1
Q

Hematology

A

Study of blood

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2
Q

hematocrit

A

proportion of the blood that consists of packed RBC’s

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3
Q

buffy coat:

A

thin whitish layer present at the erythrocyte-plasma junction. (contains leukocytes)

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4
Q

plasma:

A

straw-colored, sticky fluid (90% water)

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5
Q

formed elements:

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (only leukocytes are complete cells)

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6
Q

hematopoiesis:

A

blood cell formation

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7
Q

erythropoiesis:

A

formation of erythrocytes; controlled by a hormone called erythropoietin

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8
Q

erythrocytes:

A

Red Blood Cells

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9
Q

lymphocytes

A

only lymphocytes arise via the lymphoid stem cell line; they are agranular

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10
Q

(granular vs. agranular):

A

classification based on presence of cytoplasmic granules made visible by staining
• granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils or basophils
• agranulocytes are monocytes or lymphocytes

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11
Q

erythropoietin (EPO):

A

Hormone that stimulates production of RBC’s

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12
Q

hemostasis:

A

Stoppage of bleeding

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13
Q

coagulation:

A

Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting

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14
Q

Antigen:

A

Substance that is recognized as foreign by immune system, activates the immune system and reacts w/ immune cells or their products

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15
Q

Antibody:

A

A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell & that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin.

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16
Q

Agglutinization:

A

Clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes

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17
Q

Rh factor:

A

a group of antibody-producing substances antigens present in most people’s red blood cells.

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18
Q

autologous transfusion:

A

a procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donor’s circulation.

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19
Q

anemia:

A

blood condition of too few RBC’s

20
Q

polycythemia:

A

abnormal increase in RBC’s

21
Q

leukopenia:

A

Low white blood cell count

22
Q

Leukemia:

A

2 types:

  • Acute leukemia: uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
  • Chronic leukemia: accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die.
23
Q

Thrombus:

A

Blood clot

24
Q

Embolism:

A

Blockage of artery (usually by blood clot)

25
Q

Hemophilia:

A

Disorder (almost exclusively men and boys) in which blood clots much more slowly than normal.

26
Q

hemolytic disease of newborn

A

Abnormal breakup of red blood cells in the fetus or newborn. Typically caused by Rh incompatibility between mother and baby.

27
Q

What is the role of albumin:

A

Main contributor to osmotic pressure

28
Q

What is the role of Fibrinogen:

A

Forms fibrin threads of blood clot

29
Q

What is the role of gamma globulin:

A

antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

30
Q

role/structure of hemoglobin (just an oxygen transporter?),

A
  • Structure: Hemoglobin consists of globin (2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains) and 4 heme groups.
  • Role: protein that makes red blood cells red; transport oxygen, also transports 20% of the CO2 but CO2 binds to the globins amino acids rather than the heme group.
31
Q

role of EPO:

A

stimulates red bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis to increase RBC count

32
Q

types of WBCs?

A
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Basophils
  • Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, & NK cells)
  • Monocytes
33
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytize bacteria.

34
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Kill parasitic worms; role in allergy and asthma

35
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Release histamine & other mediators for inflammatory response/allergic reaction

36
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Mount immune response: T cells, B cells (plasma cells)

37
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

Phagocytize in tissues and develop into macrophages

38
Q

What is the role of platelets?

A

When blood vessels are ruptured or lining injured, they stick to the damaged site and form temporary plug that helps seal the break.

39
Q

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

A
  • Vascular spasm: damaged blood vessels constrict
  • Platelet plug formation: seals break in vessel wall
  • Coagulation: reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin glue.
40
Q

What are the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for coagulation in regulating prothrombin?

A

Only intrinsic pathway initiates blood clotting

  • Factors for clotting are present within the blood in the intrinsic pathway; whereas the tissue factor extrinsic pathway requires is outside the blood.
  • Instrinsic is triggered by negatives charged surfaces such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass; Extrinsic is triggered by exposing blood to the a factor found in tissues underneath damaged endothelium (called tissue factor or factor III)
  • Instrinsic is slower because it has many intermediate steps; Extrinsic is faster because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway
41
Q

which Thrombin uses tissue factor?

A

Extrinsic pathway

42
Q

Which thrombin is faster?

A

Extrinsic pathway

43
Q

What is final product of pathway?

A

Cross-linked fibrin mesh (blood clot)

44
Q

What are the characteristics of 4 main ABO blood groups (What are the antigens/antibodies present in each type of blood?

A
  • A = A antigen, B antibodies
  • B = B antigen, A antibodies
  • AB = A + B antigens, no antibodies
  • O = no antigens, both A & B antibodies
45
Q

What are the characteristics of Rh+ blood?

A
  • Rh+ = Rh antigen, no antibodies to Rh

* Rh- = No Rh antigen, antibodies to Rh

A&P Lecture 112 (11 decks)

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