Blood 112 Final Wilson Flashcards by Dawn Ludington

Hematology

Study of blood

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hematocrit

proportion of the blood that consists of packed RBC’s

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buffy coat:

thin whitish layer present at the erythrocyte-plasma junction. (contains leukocytes)

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plasma:

straw-colored, sticky fluid (90% water)

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formed elements:

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (only leukocytes are complete cells)

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hematopoiesis:

blood cell formation

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erythropoiesis:

formation of erythrocytes; controlled by a hormone called erythropoietin

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erythrocytes:

Red Blood Cells

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lymphocytes

only lymphocytes arise via the lymphoid stem cell line; they are agranular

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(granular vs. agranular):

classification based on presence of cytoplasmic granules made visible by staining
• granulocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils or basophils
• agranulocytes are monocytes or lymphocytes

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erythropoietin (EPO):

Hormone that stimulates production of RBC’s

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hemostasis:

Stoppage of bleeding

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coagulation:

Process in which blood is transformed from a liquid to a gel; blood clotting

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Antigen:

Substance that is recognized as foreign by immune system, activates the immune system and reacts w/ immune cells or their products

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Antibody:

A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell & that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin.

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Agglutinization:

Clumping of (foreign) cells; induced by cross-linking of antigen-antibody complexes

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Rh factor:

a group of antibody-producing substances antigens present in most people’s red blood cells.

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autologous transfusion:

a procedure in which blood is removed from a donor and stored for a variable period before it is returned to the donor’s circulation.

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anemia:

blood condition of too few RBC’s

polycythemia:

abnormal increase in RBC’s

leukopenia:

Low white blood cell count

Leukemia:

2 types:

Acute leukemia: uncontrolled production of immature leukocytes
Chronic leukemia: accumulation of mature WBC in bloodstream because they do not die.

Thrombus:

Blood clot

Embolism:

Blockage of artery (usually by blood clot)

Hemophilia:

Disorder (almost exclusively men and boys) in which blood clots much more slowly than normal.

hemolytic disease of newborn

Abnormal breakup of red blood cells in the fetus or newborn. Typically caused by Rh incompatibility between mother and baby.

What is the role of albumin:

Main contributor to osmotic pressure

What is the role of Fibrinogen:

Forms fibrin threads of blood clot

What is the role of gamma globulin:

antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response

role/structure of hemoglobin (just an oxygen transporter?),

* Structure: Hemoglobin consists of globin (2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains) and 4 heme groups. * Role: protein that makes red blood cells red; transport oxygen, also transports 20% of the CO2 but CO2 binds to the globins amino acids rather than the heme group.

role of EPO:

stimulates red bone marrow to enhance erythropoiesis to increase RBC count

types of WBCs?

* Neutrophils * Eosinophils * Basophils * Lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, & NK cells) * Monocytes

What is the function of neutrophils?

Phagocytize bacteria.

What is the function of eosinophils?

Kill parasitic worms; role in allergy and asthma

What is the function of basophils?

Release histamine & other mediators for inflammatory response/allergic reaction

What is the function of lymphocytes?

Mount immune response: T cells, B cells (plasma cells)

What is the function of monocytes?

Phagocytize in tissues and develop into macrophages

What is the role of platelets?

When blood vessels are ruptured or lining injured, they stick to the damaged site and form temporary plug that helps seal the break.

What are the 3 steps of hemostasis?

* Vascular spasm: damaged blood vessels constrict * Platelet plug formation: seals break in vessel wall * Coagulation: reinforces the platelet plug with fibrin glue.

What are the differences between intrinsic and extrinsic pathways for coagulation in regulating prothrombin?

Only intrinsic pathway initiates blood clotting * Factors for clotting are present within the blood in the intrinsic pathway; whereas the tissue factor extrinsic pathway requires is outside the blood. * Instrinsic is triggered by negatives charged surfaces such as activated platelets, collagen, or glass; Extrinsic is triggered by exposing blood to the a factor found in tissues underneath damaged endothelium (called tissue factor or factor III) * Instrinsic is slower because it has many intermediate steps; Extrinsic is faster because it bypasses several steps of the intrinsic pathway

which Thrombin uses tissue factor?

Extrinsic pathway

Which thrombin is faster?

Extrinsic pathway

What is final product of pathway?

Cross-linked fibrin mesh (blood clot)

What are the characteristics of 4 main ABO blood groups (What are the antigens/antibodies present in each type of blood?

* A = A antigen, B antibodies * B = B antigen, A antibodies * AB = A + B antigens, no antibodies * O = no antigens, both A & B antibodies

What are the characteristics of Rh+ blood?

* Rh+ = Rh antigen, no antibodies to Rh | * Rh- = No Rh antigen, antibodies to Rh