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A&P Lecture 112 > Immune System 112 Final Wilson > Flashcards

Immune System 112 Final Wilson Flashcards

1
Q

innate immunity

A
  • We are born with innate immunity
  • it is non-specific, (i.e., all foreign matter is attacked equally)
  • forms the first and second line of defense and
  • includes the skin, antimicrobial substances, and the body’s ability to provoke fever or inflammation
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2
Q

adaptive immunity,

A
  • body’s ability to recognize and respond to specific foreign substances
  • involves lymphocytes known as B-cells and T-cells.
  • Adaptive immunity not only responds to specific substances, but also remembers them so that it can respond more efficiently should they be encountered again
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3
Q

pathogens,

A

harmful or disease causing micro organisms

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4
Q

mechanical barriers,

A
  • Skin

* mucosae

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5
Q

internal defenses

A

Cells and chemicals
• Phagocytes
• Natural killer (NK) cells
• Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals)
• Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
• Fever

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6
Q

humoral immunity,

A

antibody mediated

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7
Q

cellular immunity

A

cell mediated

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8
Q

lysozyme,

A

An enzyme that destroys micro organisms

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9
Q

antimicrobial proteins (interferons, transferrins, complements),

A

discourage microbial growth
• Interferons: Small proteins that protect uninfected cells in an area where a virus is present; inhibit protein synthesis and degrade viral RNA
• Complements: plasma proteins that destroy foreign substances by amplifying inflammation to help lyse and kill bacteria
• Transferrins: mucosal protein that binds to Fe and keeps it from bacteria that need it for proliferation

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10
Q

opsonization,

A

phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris (“handles”)

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11
Q

1st/2nd line of defense,

A
  • 1st line: External body membranes (skin and mucosae)

* 2nd line: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells

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12
Q

phagocytosis,

A

cell eating (destruction of pathogens)

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13
Q

margination,

A

leukocytes cling to capillary walls (cell adhesion molecules; CAMS)

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14
Q

diapedesis,

A

leukocytes pass through capillary walls

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15
Q

chemotaxis,

A

attract neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes to area

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16
Q

antibody,

A

A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell & that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin.

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17
Q

antigen,

A

A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell & that binds specifically to an antigen; an immunoglobulin.

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18
Q

reactivity,

A

the ability to react with the activated lymphocytes and the antibodies released by immunogenic reactions.

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19
Q

immunogenicity,

A

the ability to stimulate specific lymphocytes to proliferate

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20
Q

epitope,

A

antibody attachment point on an antigen

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21
Q

hapten,

A

partial antigen: an antigen that can only stimulate antibody production when combined with a specific protein

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22
Q

self antigen (determined by MHC genes),

A

not foreign or antigenic to you , but they are strongly antigenic to other individuals.

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23
Q

somatic recombination,

A

gene segments are shuffled and combined in different ways

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24
Q

immunocompetency,

A

able to recognize and bind to a specific antigen

25
Q

clonal selection,

A

when an antigen binds to the particular lymphocyte that has a receptor for it, the antigen selects that lymphocyte for their development

26
Q

vaccines,

A

dead or attenuated pathogens (active humoral immunity; artificially acquired)

27
Q

neutralization,

A

simplest defensive mechanism; occurs when antibodies block specific sites on viruses or bacterial exotoxins

28
Q

agglutination,

A

clumping that occurs when cell-bound antigens are cross-linked

29
Q

co-stimulation,

A

when a T cell binds one or more co-stimulatory signals

30
Q

cytokines

A

released by TLR (toll-like receptors) found on epithelial cells and macrophages; chemical “alarm”

31
Q

abscess

A

accumulation of pus in a confined space not open to the outside

32
Q

ulcer,

A

an open sore

33
Q

pus,

A

dead neutrophils, damaged tissue cells, & fluid

34
Q

fever

A

abnormally high body temperature that occurs because the hypothalamic thermostat is reset

35
Q

autoimmune disease,

A

immune system loses the ability to distinguish self from foreign

36
Q

hypersensitivities,

A

result when the immune system damages tissue as it fights off a perceived threat that would otherwise be harmless to the body.

37
Q

graft rejection

A

caused by self antigens

38
Q

What are the cells of the immune system?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
  • B cells
  • Plasma Cells
  • Memory B cells
  • Helper T Cells
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • regulatory T cells
39
Q

Role of phagocytes (monocytes like macrophages, dendritic cells, and antigen presenting cells(APCs)*; also neutrophils),

A

Innate: Find and eat bacteria, viruses, and dead or injured body cells

40
Q

Role of natural killer cells

A

Innate: kill a variety of viruses & tumor cells

41
Q

Role of B cells

A

Adaptive: recognize and bind a specific antigen

42
Q

Role of plasma cells

A

Adaptive: the antibody-secreting effector cells of the humoral response

43
Q

Role of memory B cells

A

Adaptive: mount an almost immediate humoral response if they encounter the same antigen again in the future

44
Q

Role of helper T cells

A

Adaptive: help activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages, and direct the adaptive immune response.

45
Q

Role of Memory T cells,

A

Adaptive: respond quickly after any subsequent encounter with the same antigen

46
Q

Role of cytotoxic T cells,

A

attack infected and cancerous cells

47
Q

Role of regulatory T cells,

A

prevents immune cells from attacking your own cells

48
Q

Steps in phagocytosis,

A
  • Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris
  • Phagocyte pulls it inside, enclosing it within a membrane-lined vesicle
  • Lysosome fuses with phagocytic vesicle forming a phagolysosome
  • Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles
  • Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible & residual material
49
Q

role and steps of inflammation

A

a. Redness
b. Heat
c. Swelling
d. Pain
(And sometimes 5. Impairment of function)

50
Q

3 aspects of adaptive immunity,

A
  • It’s specific: it recognizes and targets particular pathogens or foreign substances that initiate the immune response
  • It’s systemic: immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site.
  • It has “memory”: after an initial exposure, it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens
51
Q

where do B cells and T cells mature in body?

A
  • B cells mature in bone marrow

* T cells mature in Thymus

52
Q

how does the adaptive immune system become active (what cells signal to the B and T cells that an intruder is present?),

A
  • to become active, must meet or be primed by an initial exposure to a specific antigen.
  • Helper T cells help activate the B & T cells
53
Q

how does immunological memory work?

A

Memory B cells are primed to respond to the same antigen; more rapid response

54
Q

Active vs. passive humoral immunity (which type is a vaccine?),

A

Active immunity: provokes immune system
• Naturally acquired
o Infection (contact with pathogen)
• Artificially acquired
o Vaccine (dead or attenuated pathogens)
Passive immunity:
• Naturally acquired
o Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta
o To infant in her mother’s milk
• Artificially acquired
o Injection of immune serum (gamma globulin)

55
Q

what are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • Neutralization: binding Ig to virus, toxins, bacteria to block activity or infectivity
  • Agglutination: clumping of cells by Ig binding, aids in phagocytosis
  • Opsinization: coating cell with Ig, enhances binding of macrophage by binding to the tail region of Ig (Fc region)
  • Precipitation: clumping of soluble molecules by Ig binding, aids in phagocytosis
  • Complement activation: Ig bound to cell surfaces activates complement cascade to attack targeted cell
56
Q

What are the self-antigens on T4 vs. T8 cells?

A
  • Self-antigen on T4 cell: Class II MHC protein

* Self-antigen on T8 cell: Class I MHC protein

57
Q

What activates a B cell?

A

Helper T cell

58
Q

What activates a T cell?

A

By APC presentation of antigen

A&P Lecture 112 (11 decks)

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