Reproductive System 112 Final Wilson Flashcards
What are gametes?
Sex or germ cells
What are the main roles of the reproductive system?
Make babies (get our DNA into the next generation)
What are the female and male gametes?
Male: sperm
Female: egg (or oocytes)
What are the gonads?
Primary reproductive organ (male = testis; Female = ovary)
What is haploid?
1 copy
What is Diploid?
2 copies
What is the scrotum?
a series of tissues containing testes and the epididymis; located outside pelvic cavity
What is the role of the smooth muscles?
(cremaster muscles) Contract to raise & lower the scrotum
What is the role of the testis?
Sperm production
Where are sperm produced?
Seminiferous tubules
Why are sperm shaped the way they are?
To allow them to “swim” to the egg and enter it
What are the three main parts of the sperm?
- Head: nucleus
- Middle piece: mitochondria
- Tail: flagellum
What is spermatogenesis?
Formation of sperm cells from speratogonia
What is Spermiogenesis?
Maturation of spermatids into sperm cells
What is Spermiation?
Release of sperm cell from a sertoli (sustentacular cell)
What is the order in which they occur?
- Spermatogenesis
- Spermiogenesis
- Spermiation
How is sperm production controlled?
By gonadotropins
What are the ducts of the male reproductive system.
- Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
* Ejaculatory duct
In what order to sperm leave their place of production to get to the urethra?
- Testis
- Epididymis
- Ductus deferens(Over bladder;Thru prostate)
- Into ejaculatory duct
- Into the urethra
What is the role of the seminal vesicles?
Produce a secretion with a high concentration of fructose, alkaline to neutralize
Where do the seminal vesicles’ contents enter into the duct system?
At the ejaculatory duct
What is the role of the prostate?
Produces a secretion that contains antibiotic factors, enlarges with age
Where do the contents of the prostate enter into the duct system?
At the prostatic urethra
What is the role of the Bulbourethral glands?
Produces thick, sticky mucus-like secretion that lubricate the glans
Where do bulbourethral glands’ contents enter into the duct system?
at the spongy urethra
What is semen?
a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions
What are the main parts of the penis externally and internally?
- Root
- Body
- Glans
- Prepuce
What are the three cylinders that make up the penis?
- Left & right lateral corpora cavernosum
* Corpus spongiosum
What part of the autonomic nervous system is involved in erection?
Parasympathetic
What part of the autonomic nervous system is involved in Ejaculation?
sympathetic
What are the main parts of the female reproductive system and what are their functions?
- Ovaries produce oocytes & hormones
- Uterine tubes transport fertilized ova
- Uterus where fetal development occurs
- Vagina & external genitalia constitute the vulva
- Mammary glands produce milk
What is an oocyte?
Egg
Where is it produced?
in the ovary
What is oogenesis?
Production of eggs
Does a woman ovulate every oocyte she ever made?
No
What is the ovary?
Female gonad
What part of the male reproductive system is it comparable to?
Testis
What are the uterine tubes?
Site of fertilization
How does an oocyte get from the ovary to the uterine tubes (are they connected?)
nfundibulum is open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary
• Sweeps the oocyte (or zygote/blastocyst) into the uterine cavity
What are the layers around the ovary called?
Germinal epithelium
Tunica albuginae
What is found in the cortex and medulla of the ovaries?
follicles and granulosa cells with oocytes in various stages of development.
What is the role of the corpus luteum?
produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates.
What is the uterus?
Protection and nutritional support for the blastocyte/embryo/fetus
What are the main functions of the uterus?
Protection & nutritional support for the blastocyst/embryo/fetus
What are the cervix and vagina and what do they do?
- Cervix: inferior portion of uterus; extends into the vagina
- Vagina: Passage way for elimination of menstrual fluid & fetus; Receives penis during sexual intercourse
What are the mammary glands and what is their role in reproduction?
Modified sweat glands: produces milk
What are the two parts of the female reproductive cycle and how is it controlled?
• Ovarian cycle
• Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary (with gonadotroprins), hypothalamus & ovary
What are the two pituitary gonadotropins involved in activating the cycle?
LH and FSH
What do each of the pituitary gonadotropins stimulate?
FSH: follicles
LH: mature follicle, ovulation and corpus luteum
What hormones are released by the ovary?
- Estrogen
* Progesterone
Are hormone levels constant throughout the cycle?
No: there is a spike in LH/FSH at ovulation and progesterone increases to prepare the endometrium for implantation
What are two ways a timeline for pregnancy can be determined?
- Last menstrual period: day 1 based on date of last period
* Fertilization age: Day 1 based on the date of fertilization
What are the developmental stages of development after fertilization? Know order.
- Oocyte
- Zygote
- Blastocyte
- Embryo
- Fetus
- Baby
Where does fertilization normally occur?
The uterine tube
After fertilization, where does the blastocyst implant?
endometrium
When do organs first develop?
3-8 weeks after fertilization
When does the fetus phase begin in development?
9 weeks after fertilization
How long is considered a full-term pregnancy?
40 weeks
What is parturition?
Giving birth
What are the phases of parturition?
- Dilation stage: 8 hrs
- Expulsion stage: 2hrs
- Placental stage: w/in 1 hour of delivery
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?
if fertilization does occur, corpus luteum maintained; embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which maintains health of corpus luteum & its hormone secretions
What is an ectopic pregnancy?
result when oocyte implants somewhere other than endometrium
What is the best method of birth control?
Complete abstinence
How do oral contraceptives work?
Mimic pregnancy; no LH so no ovulation; high progesterone to mimic pregnancy
What is an inguinal hernia?
a rupture or separation of a portion of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of an organ
What is prostatic hyperplasia?
Enlargement of the prostate
What is Prostate cancer?
2nd most common cancer in men
Why do prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer cause problems with urination?
narrow or close off the uretha
Where does the uterus normally sit in the pelvis?
Anteflexion – normally projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder
What is uterine prolapse?
downward displacement of the uterus
What is amenorrhea?
absence of menstruation
What is Dysmenorrhea?
pain associated with menstruation
How does the female reproductive system change with age?
Between the ages of 40 and 50 the ovaries become less responsive to the stimulation of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary. As a result, estrogen and progesterone production decline, and follicles do not undergo normal development
What is endometriosis?
Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus
What is breast cancer?
Second-leading cause of death from cancer in United States women.
How are some breast cancers caused?
Two genes increase susceptibility to breast cancer: BRCA1 (breast cancer 1) and BRCA2. Mutation of BRCA1 also confers high risk for ovarian cancer.
What is ovarian cancer?
Most common cause of gynecological deaths excluding breast cancer
What is cervical cancer?
Starts with cervical dysplasia (change in shape, growth & number of cells)
How is it typically detected?
• with a Pap smear.
How is it typically caused?
Human papillomavirus is cause of most cervical cancer
Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract
“My boyfriend's name is STEVE” Seminiferous Tubules, Epididymis, Vas (ductus) deferens, Ejaculatory duct
Erection vs Ejaculation
Paraysmpathetic Points it up; Sympathetic Shoots it out
