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A&P Lecture 112 > Reproductive System 112 Final Wilson > Flashcards

Reproductive System 112 Final Wilson Flashcards

1
Q

What are gametes?

A

Sex or germ cells

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2
Q

What are the main roles of the reproductive system?

A

Make babies (get our DNA into the next generation)

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3
Q

What are the female and male gametes?

A

Male: sperm
Female: egg (or oocytes)

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4
Q

What are the gonads?

A

Primary reproductive organ (male = testis; Female = ovary)

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5
Q

What is haploid?

A

1 copy

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6
Q

What is Diploid?

A

2 copies

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7
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

a series of tissues containing testes and the epididymis; located outside pelvic cavity

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8
Q

What is the role of the smooth muscles?

A

(cremaster muscles) Contract to raise & lower the scrotum

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9
Q

What is the role of the testis?

A

Sperm production

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10
Q

Where are sperm produced?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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11
Q

Why are sperm shaped the way they are?

A

To allow them to “swim” to the egg and enter it

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12
Q

What are the three main parts of the sperm?

A
  • Head: nucleus
  • Middle piece: mitochondria
  • Tail: flagellum
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13
Q

What is spermatogenesis?

A

Formation of sperm cells from speratogonia

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14
Q

What is Spermiogenesis?

A

Maturation of spermatids into sperm cells

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15
Q

What is Spermiation?

A

Release of sperm cell from a sertoli (sustentacular cell)

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16
Q

What is the order in which they occur?

A
  • Spermatogenesis
  • Spermiogenesis
  • Spermiation
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17
Q

How is sperm production controlled?

A

By gonadotropins

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18
Q

What are the ducts of the male reproductive system.

A
  • Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

* Ejaculatory duct

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19
Q

In what order to sperm leave their place of production to get to the urethra?

A
  • Testis
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus deferens(Over bladder;Thru prostate)
  • Into ejaculatory duct
  • Into the urethra
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20
Q

What is the role of the seminal vesicles?

A

Produce a secretion with a high concentration of fructose, alkaline to neutralize

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21
Q

Where do the seminal vesicles’ contents enter into the duct system?

A

At the ejaculatory duct

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22
Q

What is the role of the prostate?

A

Produces a secretion that contains antibiotic factors, enlarges with age

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23
Q

Where do the contents of the prostate enter into the duct system?

A

At the prostatic urethra

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24
Q

What is the role of the Bulbourethral glands?

A

Produces thick, sticky mucus-like secretion that lubricate the glans

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25
Q

Where do bulbourethral glands’ contents enter into the duct system?

A

at the spongy urethra

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26
Q

What is semen?

A

a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm, testicular fluid, and accessory gland secretions

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27
Q

What are the main parts of the penis externally and internally?

A
  • Root
  • Body
  • Glans
  • Prepuce
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28
Q

What are the three cylinders that make up the penis?

A
  • Left & right lateral corpora cavernosum

* Corpus spongiosum

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29
Q

What part of the autonomic nervous system is involved in erection?

A

Parasympathetic

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30
Q

What part of the autonomic nervous system is involved in Ejaculation?

A

sympathetic

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31
Q

What are the main parts of the female reproductive system and what are their functions?

A
  • Ovaries produce oocytes & hormones
  • Uterine tubes transport fertilized ova
  • Uterus where fetal development occurs
  • Vagina & external genitalia constitute the vulva
  • Mammary glands produce milk
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32
Q

What is an oocyte?

A

Egg

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33
Q

Where is it produced?

A

in the ovary

34
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Production of eggs

35
Q

Does a woman ovulate every oocyte she ever made?

A

No

36
Q

What is the ovary?

A

Female gonad

37
Q

What part of the male reproductive system is it comparable to?

A

Testis

38
Q

What are the uterine tubes?

A

Site of fertilization

39
Q

How does an oocyte get from the ovary to the uterine tubes (are they connected?)

A

nfundibulum is open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary

• Sweeps the oocyte (or zygote/blastocyst) into the uterine cavity

40
Q

What are the layers around the ovary called?

A

Germinal epithelium

Tunica albuginae

41
Q

What is found in the cortex and medulla of the ovaries?

A

follicles and granulosa cells with oocytes in various stages of development.

42
Q

What is the role of the corpus luteum?

A

produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, and inhibin until it degenerates.

43
Q

What is the uterus?

A

Protection and nutritional support for the blastocyte/embryo/fetus

44
Q

What are the main functions of the uterus?

A

Protection & nutritional support for the blastocyst/embryo/fetus

45
Q

What are the cervix and vagina and what do they do?

A
  • Cervix: inferior portion of uterus; extends into the vagina
  • Vagina: Passage way for elimination of menstrual fluid & fetus; Receives penis during sexual intercourse
46
Q

What are the mammary glands and what is their role in reproduction?

A

Modified sweat glands: produces milk

47
Q

What are the two parts of the female reproductive cycle and how is it controlled?

A

• Ovarian cycle
• Uterine (menstrual) cycle
Controlled by monthly hormone cycle of anterior pituitary (with gonadotroprins), hypothalamus & ovary

48
Q

What are the two pituitary gonadotropins involved in activating the cycle?

A

LH and FSH

49
Q

What do each of the pituitary gonadotropins stimulate?

A

FSH: follicles
LH: mature follicle, ovulation and corpus luteum

50
Q

What hormones are released by the ovary?

A
  • Estrogen

* Progesterone

51
Q

Are hormone levels constant throughout the cycle?

A

No: there is a spike in LH/FSH at ovulation and progesterone increases to prepare the endometrium for implantation

52
Q

What are two ways a timeline for pregnancy can be determined?

A
  • Last menstrual period: day 1 based on date of last period

* Fertilization age: Day 1 based on the date of fertilization

53
Q

What are the developmental stages of development after fertilization? Know order.

A
  • Oocyte
  • Zygote
  • Blastocyte
  • Embryo
  • Fetus
  • Baby
54
Q

Where does fertilization normally occur?

A

The uterine tube

55
Q

After fertilization, where does the blastocyst implant?

A

endometrium

56
Q

When do organs first develop?

A

3-8 weeks after fertilization

57
Q

When does the fetus phase begin in development?

A

9 weeks after fertilization

58
Q

How long is considered a full-term pregnancy?

A

40 weeks

59
Q

What is parturition?

A

Giving birth

60
Q

What are the phases of parturition?

A
  • Dilation stage: 8 hrs
  • Expulsion stage: 2hrs
  • Placental stage: w/in 1 hour of delivery
61
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A

if fertilization does occur, corpus luteum maintained; embryo secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) which maintains health of corpus luteum & its hormone secretions

62
Q

What is an ectopic pregnancy?

A

result when oocyte implants somewhere other than endometrium

63
Q

What is the best method of birth control?

A

Complete abstinence

64
Q

How do oral contraceptives work?

A

Mimic pregnancy; no LH so no ovulation; high progesterone to mimic pregnancy

65
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

a rupture or separation of a portion of the abdominal wall resulting in the protrusion of a part of an organ

66
Q

What is prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Enlargement of the prostate

67
Q

What is Prostate cancer?

A

2nd most common cancer in men

68
Q

Why do prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer cause problems with urination?

A

narrow or close off the uretha

69
Q

Where does the uterus normally sit in the pelvis?

A

Anteflexion – normally projects anteriorly and superiorly over the urinary bladder

70
Q

What is uterine prolapse?

A

downward displacement of the uterus

71
Q

What is amenorrhea?

A

absence of menstruation

72
Q

What is Dysmenorrhea?

A

pain associated with menstruation

73
Q

How does the female reproductive system change with age?

A

Between the ages of 40 and 50 the ovaries become less responsive to the stimulation of gonadotropic hormones from the anterior pituitary. As a result, estrogen and progesterone production decline, and follicles do not undergo normal development

74
Q

What is endometriosis?

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus

75
Q

What is breast cancer?

A

Second-leading cause of death from cancer in United States women.

76
Q

How are some breast cancers caused?

A

Two genes increase susceptibility to breast cancer: BRCA1 (breast cancer 1) and BRCA2. Mutation of BRCA1 also confers high risk for ovarian cancer.

77
Q

What is ovarian cancer?

A

Most common cause of gynecological deaths excluding breast cancer

78
Q

What is cervical cancer?

A

Starts with cervical dysplasia (change in shape, growth & number of cells)

79
Q

How is it typically detected?

A

• with a Pap smear.

80
Q

How is it typically caused?

A

Human papillomavirus is cause of most cervical cancer

81
Q

Sperm pathway through male reproductive tract

A 
“My boyfriend's name is STEVE”
Seminiferous 
Tubules, 
Epididymis, 
Vas (ductus) deferens, 
Ejaculatory duct
82
Q

Erection vs Ejaculation

A

Paraysmpathetic Points it up; Sympathetic Shoots it out

A&P Lecture 112 (11 decks)

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