Blood Vessels 112 Final Wilson

Question 1

vasoconstriction,

Answer 1

lumen diameter decreases as the smooth muscle contracts

Question 2

vasodilation,

Answer 2

lumen diameter increases as the smooth muscles relaxes

Question 3

microcirculation,

Answer 3

the flow of blood from an arteriole to a venule (thru a capillary bed)

Question 4

sphincter,

Answer 4

regulate the flow of blood thorugh capillary beds

Question 5

venous valve,

Answer 5

prevent blood from flowing backward (found mostly in veins of limbs)

Question 6

venous sinus,

Answer 6

highly specialized , flattened veins with extremely thin walls composed of only epithelium

Question 7

hemodynamics,

Answer 7

factors that affect circulation

Question 8

blood flow (~cardiac output),

Answer 8

is volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or entire circulation in a given period (ml/min)

Question 9

blood pressure (BP),

Answer 9

the force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood (mm Hg).

Question 10

peripheral resistance,

Answer 10

opposition to flow

Question 11

systolic BP,

Answer 11

pressure peak generated by ventricular contraction

Question 12

diastolic BP,

Answer 12

Arterial BP reached during or as a result of diastole, lowest level of any given cardiac cycle

Question 13

pulse pressure,

Answer 13

the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Question 14

mean arterial pressure,

Answer 14

pressure that propels blood thru tissues

Question 15

baroreceptors,

Answer 15

reflexes that maintain BP

Question 16

chemoreceptors,

Answer 16

receptor sensitive to various chemicals in solution

Question 17

angiotensin II

Answer 17

a potent vasoconstrictor activated by renin; also triggers release of aldosterone

Question 18

atrial natriuretic peptide,

Answer 18

causes vasodilation & loss of salt and water in the urine

Question 19

bulk flow,

Answer 19

at capillary beds determines the distribution of fluids between the bloodstream and the interstitial space

Question 20

filtration,

Answer 20

pressure-driven movement of fluid and solutes from blood capillaries

Question 21

reabsorption

Answer 21

Pressure-driven movement from interstitial fluid into blood capillaries

Question 22

edema 2

Answer 22

Filteration greater than absorption

Question 23

varicose veins,

Answer 23

twisted, dilated superficial veins (caused by leaky venous valves)

Question 24

arteriosclerosis,

Answer 24

walls of arteries thick and stiff

Question 25

cholesterol: HDL vs. LDL,

Answer 25

• HDL: low-density lipoproteins

* LDL: High-density lipoproteins

Question 26

syncope,

Answer 26

fainting spell (non-traumatic)

Question 27

shock,

Answer 27

an inadequate cardiac output that results in failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of body cells.

Question 28

hypotension,

Answer 28

systolic pressure below 100mmHg

Question 29

hypertension

Answer 29

systolic blood pressure of 140 mm Hg or greater and diastolic blood pressure of 90 mm Hg or greater

Question 30

Three types of vessels/roles of each,

Answer 30

• Arteries: carry blood away from the heart
• Capillaries: directly serve cellular needs, site of exchange
• Veins: carry blood toward heart

Question 31

three tunics of vessel wall/roles of each

Answer 31

• Tunica intima: obtains nutrients directly from blood in the lumen
• Tunica media: influence blood flow and blood pressure
• Tunica externa: nourish the more external tissues of the blood vessel wall

Question 32

three artery types/roles of each,

Answer 32

• Elastic arteries: conduct blood from the heart to medium-sized arteries
• Muscular arteries: deliver blood to specific body organs
• Arterioles: regulates blood flow into the capillary beds

Question 33

three types capillaries, which is leakiest?,

Answer 33

• Continuous
• Fenestrated
• Sinusoid: leakiest

Question 34

where is blood most of the time in the body?,

Answer 34

In systemic veins and venules

Question 35

three factors that influence peripheral resistance, how blood pressure changes as blood moves through system,

Answer 35

• Blood viscosity: thickness; increase in this means less flow
• Total blood vessel length: the longer, the more resistance
• Blood vessel diameter: greater size, less resistance

Question 36

role of venous valves,

Answer 36

prevent blood from flowing backward

Question 37

role of vasomotor center,

Answer 37

controls the diameter of blood vessels

Question 38

how does an increase in blood volume change BP?,

Answer 38

it increases it

Question 39

role of baroreceptors in monitoring and changing BP via vasomotor centers (2 reflexes),

Answer 39

• carotid sinus reflex: maintains normal BP in the brain

* aortic reflex: maintains general systemic BP

Question 40

cranial nerves involved in heart rate/BP regulation,

Answer 40

• vagus nerve (parasympathetic)
• cardiac accelerator nerves (sympathetic)
• vasomotor nerves (sympathetic)

Question 41

hormones that maintain BP (which one decreases BP?),

Answer 41

• Angiotensin II:
• Epinephrine & norepinephrine
• Antidieuretic hormone (ADH)
• Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): decreases BP

Question 42

long term mechanism for regulating BP (direct vs. indirect),

Answer 42

• Direct renal mechanism: alters blood volume independently of hormones
• Indirect renal mechanism: regulate using hormones

Question 43

how do capillaries filter and reabsorb fluid?

Answer 43

Using hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure