resp random Flashcards
what blood pH is seen in pregnancy
compensated respiratory alkalosis
what is the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis
fluids IV
glucose-potassium-insulin infusion
what pH does aldosterone hypersecretion cause
metabolic alkalosis - Na+/H+ exchange increasing acid secretion into tubules making blood more alkaline
what does aldosterone do
secretion of potassium
retention of Na and water
Asthma COPD chest injuries airway tumours all cause
respiratory acidosis - CO2 retention
anxiety
fever
brainstem damage
all cause
respiratory alkalosis - hyperventilation
diarrhoea
extreme exercise
diabetic ketoacidosis
all cause
metabolic acidosis
diarrhoea - loss of HCO3
extreme exercise - production of lactic acid
what is the asthma triad
reversible airflow obstruction
airway inflammation
airway hyperresponsiveness
what is involved in airway remodelling
fixed airway obstruction
thickening of basement membrane
collagen deposition in submucosa
hypertrophy of smooth muscle
PEFR < 50% unable to finish sentences tachycardia RR > 25 HR > 110
severe asthma
PEFR < 30% bradycardia, hypotension, silent chest exhaustion, confusion hypoxia acidosis
life threatening asthma
what is the most common cause of occupational asthma
isocyanates
what happens to residual volume in emphysema
increased
what happens to vital capacity in emphysema
decreased
what defines chronic bronchitis
cough productive of sputum on most days of 3 months of at least 2 successive years
what is seen microscopically in bronchitis
goblet cell metaplasia
macrophage accumulation
fibrosis around bronchioles
what does A1AT cause
panacinar emphysema
what qualifies high risk COPD
2+ exac in 1 year
or FEV1/FVC < 50%
what breath sounds would be seen in COPD
reduced
what is cryptogenic organising pneumonia (BOOP)
non-infective pneumonia
inflammation or bronchioles and surrounding tissue
assoc. amiodarone
what are 4 examples of hypersensitivity pneumonitis/extrinsic allergic alveolitis
bird fanciers lung
farmers lung
mushroom pickers lung
malt workers lung
what is the treatment for hypersensitivity pneumonitis/extrinsic allergic alveolitis
antigen avoidance
oxygen if acute
oral steroids
what are some s/s hypersensitivity pneumonitis/extrinsic allergic alveolitis
course end inspiratory crackles
pulmonary fibrosis in upper zones - CXR
give 5 causes of pneumoconiosis
coal worker asbestosis silicosis berylliosis antracosis
what drugs can cause alveolitis
amiodarone
methotrexate
bleomycin
gold
give 5 examples of autoimmune alveolitis
SLE polyarteritis Wegeners Chung Strauss Bechets
what is ground glass on HRCT
alveolitis
what is the treatment of alveolitis
oral prednisolone
oral azathioprine
oxygen
acetylcysteine
what does pneumoconiosis look like on a CXR
simple - lots of little dots
complicated - balls of fibrosis
what is the most common interstitial lung disease
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis)
what does fibrosis look like on a CXR
honeycombing
what are some s/s IPF
clubbing
bilateral fine end inspiratory crackles
progressive SOB
what is the treatment of IPF
antifibrotic agents
- pirfenidone
- nintendab
what is caplans syndrome
combination of rheumatoid arthritis and pneumoconiosis - pulmonary nodules
what is acetalisis
lungs collapse and don’t inflate properly
what are 2 risks of IPPV and CPAP
barotrauma
pneumothorax
what is stridor
inspiratory wheeze due to large airway obstruction
what is normal on the epworth sleep scale
<10
what are some causes of stridor
children
- infection
- anaphylaxis
- angioneurotic oedema
adults
- neoplasm
- goitre
- anaphylaxis
- trauma
croup
what is croup
viral laryngotracheobronchitis
what are some risk factors of sleep apnoea
obesity hypothyroidism benzodiazepines alcohol opiates
what is ARDs
resp distress due to stiff lungs and impaired gas exchange
