embryology/public health/ethics/general Flashcards
what is gametogenesis
formation of the germ cells (gametes)
what is fertilisation
the union of the sperm and oocyte to form a zygote (single celled embryo)
what is the name of the earliest cell division of an embryo
period of rapid cell division
body axes formed
cleavage
when are the germ layers formed
ecto, meso, endo
gastrulation
what is morphogenesis
formation of the body plan
what is organogenesis
development of the organs and organ systems (continues to develop during foetal period)
what is incidence
number of new cases of a disease in a population
number of people with risk of developing the disease in the same population
what is prevalence
number of people that currently have a specific disease in a population
number of people at risk of having a disease in the same population
what are 3 occasions that a doctor can break confidentiality
when asked to do so via court order
to a police officer when a patient tells you they have committed a violent crime
to a parent of a minor refusing life-saving treatment
what is autonomy
respecting the patient’s decisions
what is non-maleficence
do no harm
what is deontology
duty-based ethics
follow obligations of patient/NHS
Consequences don’t influence whether it is right or wrong
what are virtue ethics
opposite of deontology - following own morals
Aristotle’s argument of what a good person is
e.g. health care professionals have a right to refuse to participate in treatment if it is against their beliefs but have a duty of care to patient which includes referring them to a colleague
what is beneficence
acting in the best interest of the patient
e.g. making a decision for the patient when they no longer have the capacity to do so/understand that treatment is needed
what is utilitarianism
the needs of many
act is right if it benefits the greatest number of people
what is justice
treating patients equally
what is consquentialism
choice based on consequence
consequences determine if the act is right or wrong
what are the 4 principles of beauchamp and childress?
beneficence
non-maleficence
autonomy
justice
what is communitarianism
is the act good for everyone that will be affected by the act?
what is the religious argument
sanctity of life - life shouldn’t be tampered with
what kinds of food reduce risk of CRC
fibre
fruit and veg
wholegrain, beans, lentils
how much fibre should you eat a day
teenagers - around 25 grams a day
adults - around 30 grams a day
what else reduces risk of CRC
exercise
how much exercise should you do
150 mins moderate per week
75 mins vigorous per week
give 5 things that increase the risk of GI cancer
red meat processed meat smoking alcohol obesity
how much red meat should you have a day
70g
give 2 things that increase the risk of oesophageal cancer
obesity
alcohol consumption
what can increase the risk of gastric cancer
salt intake
no more 6g a day
how often should 50-75 year olds get screened for bowel cancer
every 2 years
what kind of diet helps to improve symptoms of IBS
low FODMAP diet
what is meant by the sensitivity of a test
proportion of those with the disease who are correctly identified by a positive test
what is meant by the specificity of a test
proportion of those without the disease who are correctly identified with a negative result
what is meant by ‘positive predictive value’
true positives
proportion of those who test positive who actually have the disease
what is meant by ‘negative predictive value’
true negatives
proportion of those who test negative who don’t have the disease
what is meant by the yield of a test
the number of previously undiagnosed people who are diagnosed with a disease by a screening programme
what is the biomedical model
the body as a machine
does not take into account the patient
what is the biopsychosocial model
integrating disease and patient factors (includes that which is not in the biomedical model)
what is epidemiology
study of frequency, distribution and determinants of a disease in a population
what is the epidemiological triangle
vector - food - environment
what is primary prevention
stopping a disease before it starts
what is secondary prevention
stopping a disease getting worse
what is penetrance
proportion of individuals carrying a particular variant of a gene (allele or genotype) that also expresses an associated trait (phenotype)
what is a randomised control study
participants randomly allocated to intervention or control group
practical or ethical problems may limit the use
what is a cohort study
observational and prospective
2 or more are selected according to their exposure to a particular agent and followed up to see how many develop a disease or other outcome
e.g. Framingham Heart Study
what is a case-control study
observational and retrospective
patients with a particular condition are identified and matched with controls
data is then collected on past exposure to a possible causal agent for the condition
what is a cross-sectional survey
provides a ‘snapshot’
sometimes called a prevalence study
provides weak evidence of cause and effect
what type of cause of disease is nosocomial
acquired in a hospital
what type of cause of disease is iatrogenic
result of diagnostic/therapeutic treatments
e.g. in surgery, drug interactions
what type of cause of disease is inherited
genes passed from parent to child
what type of cause of disease is carcinogenic
formation of a cancer
what measurement is used to estimate BMI
mid upper arm circumference
what measurement is used to estimate upper extremity muscle strength
handgrip dynamometry
what measurement is used to estimate total body fat
triceps skinfold thickness
what measure is used to estimate height
ulna length
what measure is used to estimate central obesity
waist circumference
what goes in the blue bag
confidential waste
what does in the semiclear red bag
soiled laundry
what goes in the yellow bag
theatre/anatomy clinical waste e.g. amputated digits
what goes in the yellow sharps bin with the blue lid
medication vials with residual medicine
what goes in the yellow sharps bin with the red lid
needles, syringes, other sharps
what is human factors
sometimes referred to as non-technical skills
social and cognitive skills that support and underpin performance of physical and technical skills
what are technical skills
general practical procedures
what does E in ABCDE stand for
evidence
exposure
environment
what goes in the orange bag
non-sharp clinical waste
e.g. used IV drip tubing
what goes in the black bag
paper towels
empty medication blister packs
what is gastrulation
migration of cells through the premature streak to form the germ layers
in what case can you break confidentiality to a police officer
court order in place
or you strongly suspect there is a risk to the public
when referring a patient to another doctor and the patient asks you to omit part of their history should you?
comply with their wishes provided that what they are asking you to omit isn’t relevant to current treatment
can a minor refuse life saving treatment?
do you have the right to tell their legal guardian?
yes if they fully comprehend the treatment being offered and they are competent
if a minor refuses treatment the doctor can inform parent/;era guardian
