resp ap Flashcards
respiration
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the body cells
ventilation
breathing
diffusion
kinetic movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration
eupnea
good breathing
apnea
absence of breathing
dyspnea
difficulty breathing
hyperventilate
abnormallly fast breathing
hypoventilate
shallow breathing
hypoxia
low o2 levels
hypoxemia
low o2 in the blood
hypercapnia
high level of co2
hypocapnia
low level of co2
tidal volume
volume of air inspired and expired during one breath
minute volume
volume of air inspired and expired during 1 minute
residual volume
volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
internal/cellular respiration occurs in the ____
cells (mitochondria)
the levels of ___ in our blood is what stimulates us to take a breath
carbon dioxide
the normal pH of blood is ______ with the average being ____
7.35 - 7.45, 7.4
CO2 acts as an ___ and increased amounts will ___ blood pH
acid / lower
the larynx is suspended from the skull via the
hyoid bone
the ___ is the common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems. it is divided by the
pharynx / soft palate
the voice box is another name for the
larynx
the ___ covers the laryngeal opening during ____
epiglottis / swallowing
bronchodilation and bronchoconstriction is controlled by the _____ or ____
autonomic nervous system or drug therapy
at the end of every bronchiole is an ______ which contains clusters of __
alveolar sac / alveoli
the ____ of the lungs lies directly on the cranial aspect of the diaphragm
base
the area of the lungs where air, blood, lymph and nerves enter/leave the lung is called the
hilus
the thoracic cavity has ___ pressure
negative
the main inspiratory muscles are the ____
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
the main expiratory muscles are the ____ and ____
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
the breathing center of the brain is the ______
medulla oblongata of the brainstem
the mechanical control system for breathing is controlled/operated through ____ in the lungs
stretch receptros
what are the secondary functions of the respiratory system
voice production, body temp regulation, acid-base balance, sense of smell
what is the main function of the nasal turbinates
warm, humidify and filter inspired air
what is the area between the pharynx and the trachea
larynx
what structures form the glottis
arytenoid cartilages and vocal cords
where does gas exchange occur
alveoli
lung lobes
3 in the left, 4 in the right
what species is the exception to lung lobes
horses
main contents of the thorax
lungs, heart, trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, large blood vessels, nerves
what are the lungs encased in
pleura - parietal pleura and visceral pleura (pleural space)
what happens if there is increased CO2 in the blood
increase rate and depth of respiration
what happens if there isnt enough CO2 in the blood
decrease rate and depth of respiration
