neuro pharm Flashcards
t/f: tranquilizers are anxiolytics and sedatives are not
true
drugs that are used to control seizures caused by over-stimulation of the nervous system are called
anticonvulsants
long term use of ___ can lead to liver toxicity
phenobarbital
____ is the reversible agent for benzo’s
flumazenil
___ and ___ are the 2 main neurotransmitters / receptors most behavior modifying drugs target
serotonin and dopamine
___ is the opioid receptor that is primarily responsible for the profound analgesia associated with narcotics
MU
another name for pain receptor is
nociceptor
___ is the naturally derived opiate drug that is used primarily for its pain alleviating properties
morphine
____ is an example of a CNS stimulant that is no longer used as a respiratory stimulant for neonates
doxapram (dopram)
in addition to treating cushings disease, ____ can also be used to treat behavioral problems
selegiline (anipryl)
neuroleptanalgesia is the combination of an ___ and ____
opioid and tranquilizer
___ is a commonly used opioid used in cats that can easily be delivered through the MM
buprenorphine (bupernex)
___ is the tx of choice when an animal is experiencing serotonin syndrome
cyproheptadine
___ is an example of a drug that should be avoided in stallions
acepromazine
why is acepromazine not used in breeding stallions
penile prolapse
what would influence the choice of anticonvulsant used
seizure activity, frequency of episodes, patient limitations, owner limitations
what are the 3 categories of anticonvulsant drugs
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, bromides
what are the 3 anticonvulsants that fall into their own category
zonisamide, keppra (levetiracetam), gabapentin
what are the injectable benzodiazepines
Diazepam (valium), midazolam (versed)
how do valium and versed differ
valium - lipid soluble, precipitates with other drugs
versed - water soluble, compatible with other drugs
4 steps to the pain pathway
transduction, transmission, modulation, perception
opioids are classified as mixed agonist/antagonists meaning
agonistic effect at one receptor and antagonistic effect at another
which class of antidepressant medications function by modifying the activity of enzymes that are responsible for the biotransformation of neurotransmitters
MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
what are the 2 Mu agonist/antagonists
butorphanol (torbugesic), buprenorphine (bupernex)
what are the methods that fentanyl can be administered and how long does each last
IV (20-30 min), patch (24-72 hours), solution ( up to 4 days)
what is the ceiling effect
increasing the dose only increases duration
how does tramadol work
prevents reuptake of serotonin - decreases perception of pain - blocks M1 receptors
what are the alpha-2-agonists
xylazine (rompun), detomidine (dormosedan), medtomidine (domitor), dexmedetomidine (dexdormitor)
why are bromides not used in cats
severe side effects that mimic feline asthma
what are the 3 groups of antidepressants discussed in class
tricyclic antidepressants (TCA - clomipramine), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRI - fluoxetine), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI - selegiline)
what is serotonin syndrome
serotonin overdose - hypertension, hyperthermia, tremors, seizures, altered mental status
3 groups of behavior modifying drugs
antipsychotic, antidepressant, anxiolytic
example of an antipsychotic drug
phenothiazine - acepromazine
phenobarbital is measured in
grains
drug type used in emergency situation to treat active seizures
benzodiazepines
wind up pain
overall increase in pain perception
morphine causes pupillary dilation in what species
cats and horses
what is more potent hydro or morphine
hydromorphone
what type of activity does methadone have
full mu and NMDA antagonist
more potent: fentanyl or morphine
fentanyl
what is the benefit of blocking NMDA receptors
prevent and or treat wind up pain
