Resp Flashcards
Risk factors for DVT
Stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability (Virchows triad)
Criteria for exudative effusion
Pleural/serum protein >0.5
Pleural/serum LDH >0.6
Causes of exudative effusion
Think of leaky capillaries
Malignancy, TB/bacterial/viral infection, PE with infarct & pancreatitis
Causes of transudative effusion
Think of intact capillaries
CHF, liver or kidney disease, protein losing enteropathy
Normalising PCO2 in a patient having an asthma exacerbation may indicate ………..
Treatment for acute asthma and COPD exacerbation
Fatigue and impending respiratory failure
B2 agonists and corticosteroids (anticholinergics and antibiotics for COPD exacerbation as well)
Sarcoidosis
Dyspnoea, BIL on CXR, non caseating granuloma, raised ACE, hyperCa
PFTs of obstructive pulmonary disease
Low FEV1/FVC
PFTs of restrictive pulmonary disease
High FEV1/FVC,
reduced TLC
Honeycomb pattern on CXR
Treatment?
Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis
Supportive care, antifibrotic agents may help
Treatment of SVC syndrome
Radiation
Treatment of mild persistent asthma
Inhaled B-agonists & inhaled corticosteroids
Treatment for COPD exacerbation
O2, bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids with taper, smoking cessation.
Treatment for chronic COPD
Smoking cessation, home O2, B-agonists, anticholinergics, systemic/inhales corticosteroids, flu & pneumococcal vaccines
Acid-base disorder in PE
Respiratory alkalosis with hypoxia and hypocarbia
NCSLC associate with hyperCa
Squamous cell carcinoma
Lung cancer associate with Lambert-Eaton syndrome
Small cell lung carcinoma
Lung cancers highly related to cigarette exposure
Small cell lung carcinoma, SCC
A tall Caucasian man presents with acute SOB
Diagnosis
Treatment?
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Tx: spontaneous regression
Supplemental O2 may be helpful
Treatment of tension pneumothorax
Immediate needle thoracostomy (over diagnostic) - in 2nd ICS MCL
Characteristics favouring carcinoma in an isolated pulmonary module
Age >45-50; tobacco use; lesions new or larger than previous films; absence of or irregular calcification; size >2cm; irregular margins
ARDS
Hypoxaemia and pulmonary oedema with normal PCWP
Sequelae of asbestos exposure
Pulmonary fibrosis, pleural plaques, bronchogenic carcinoma (mass in lung field) , mesothelioma (pleural mass)
Increased risk of what infection with silicosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Causes of hypoxaemia
R—> L shunt; hypoventilation; low inspired O2 tension; diffusion defect; V/Q mismatch
Classic CXR for pulmonary oedema
Cardiomegaly, prominent pulmonary vessels, Kerley B lines; ‘bats wing’ appearance of hilar shadows; perivascular & peribronchial cuffing
CXR findings suggestive of PE
Westermark sign (oligaemia/collapse of vessels seen distal to PE)
Hampton hump (a wedge shaped infarct)
