Resp

Question 1

Risk factors for DVT

Answer 1

Stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability (Virchows triad)

Question 2

Criteria for exudative effusion

Answer 2

Pleural/serum protein >0.5

Pleural/serum LDH >0.6

Question 3

Causes of exudative effusion

Answer 3

Think of leaky capillaries

Malignancy, TB/bacterial/viral infection, PE with infarct & pancreatitis

Question 4

Causes of transudative effusion

Answer 4

Think of intact capillaries

CHF, liver or kidney disease, protein losing enteropathy

Question 5

Normalising PCO2 in a patient having an asthma exacerbation may indicate ………..

Treatment for acute asthma and COPD exacerbation

Answer 5

Fatigue and impending respiratory failure

B2 agonists and corticosteroids (anticholinergics and antibiotics for COPD exacerbation as well)

Question 6

Sarcoidosis

Answer 6

Dyspnoea, BIL on CXR, non caseating granuloma, raised ACE, hyperCa

Question 7

PFTs of obstructive pulmonary disease

Answer 7

Low FEV1/FVC

Question 8

PFTs of restrictive pulmonary disease

Answer 8

High FEV1/FVC,

reduced TLC

Question 9

Honeycomb pattern on CXR

Treatment?

Answer 9

Diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

Supportive care, antifibrotic agents may help

Question 10

Treatment of SVC syndrome

Answer 10

Radiation

Question 11

Treatment of mild persistent asthma

Answer 11

Inhaled B-agonists & inhaled corticosteroids

Question 12

Treatment for COPD exacerbation

Answer 12

O2, bronchodilators, antibiotics, corticosteroids with taper, smoking cessation.

Question 13

Treatment for chronic COPD

Answer 13

Smoking cessation, home O2, B-agonists, anticholinergics, systemic/inhales corticosteroids, flu & pneumococcal vaccines

Question 14

Acid-base disorder in PE

Answer 14

Respiratory alkalosis with hypoxia and hypocarbia

Question 15

NCSLC associate with hyperCa

Answer 15

Squamous cell carcinoma

Question 16

Lung cancer associate with Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Answer 16

Small cell lung carcinoma

Question 17

Lung cancers highly related to cigarette exposure

Answer 17

Small cell lung carcinoma, SCC

Question 18

A tall Caucasian man presents with acute SOB

Diagnosis

Treatment?

Answer 18

Spontaneous pneumothorax

Tx: spontaneous regression

Supplemental O2 may be helpful

Question 19

Treatment of tension pneumothorax

Answer 19

Immediate needle thoracostomy (over diagnostic) - in 2nd ICS MCL

Question 20

Characteristics favouring carcinoma in an isolated pulmonary module

Answer 20

Age >45-50; tobacco use; lesions new or larger than previous films; absence of or irregular calcification; size >2cm; irregular margins

Question 21

ARDS

Answer 21

Hypoxaemia and pulmonary oedema with normal PCWP

Question 22

Sequelae of asbestos exposure

Answer 22

Pulmonary fibrosis, pleural plaques, bronchogenic carcinoma (mass in lung field) , mesothelioma (pleural mass)

Question 23

Increased risk of what infection with silicosis?

Answer 23

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 24

Causes of hypoxaemia

Answer 24

R—> L shunt; hypoventilation; low inspired O2 tension; diffusion defect; V/Q mismatch

Question 25

Classic CXR for pulmonary oedema

Answer 25

Cardiomegaly, prominent pulmonary vessels, Kerley B lines; ‘bats wing’ appearance of hilar shadows; perivascular & peribronchial cuffing

Question 26

CXR findings suggestive of PE

Answer 26

Westermark sign (oligaemia/collapse of vessels seen distal to PE)

Hampton hump (a wedge shaped infarct)