O&G Flashcards
Primary causes of third trimester bleeding
Placental abruption & placenta previa
Classic ultrasonography and gross appearance of complete hydatidiform mole
USS: snowstorm
Gross ex: cluster of grapes appearance
Chromosomal pattern of a complete mole
46,XX
Molar pregnancy containing fetal tissue
Partial mole
Symptoms of placental abruption
Continuous, painful vaginal bleeding
Symptoms of placenta previa
Self limited, painless vaginal bleeding
When should a vaginal exam be performed with suspected placenta previa?
Never
Teratogenic antibiotics?
Tetracycline
Fluoroquinolones
Aminoglycosides
Sulphonamides
Medication given to accelerate fetal lung maturity
Betamethasone or dexamethasone x 48hrs
The most common cause of postpartum haemorrhage
Uterine atony
Treatment for postpartum haemorrhage
Uterine massage
If massage fails give oxytocin
Typical antibiotics for Group B strep (GBS) prophylaxis
IV penicillin or ampicillin
A patient fails to lactate after an emergency C-section etc marked blood loss
Sheehan’s syndrome (postpartum pituitary necrosis)
Uterine bleeding at 18 weeks gestation; no products expelled; cervical os open
Inevitable abortion
Uterine bleeding at 18 weeks gestation; no products expelled; cervical os closed
Threatened abortion
The first test to perform when a woman presents with amenorrhoea
b-HCG
Most common cause of amenorrhoea is pregnancy
Term for heavy bleeding during and between menstrual periods
Menometorrhagia
Cause of amenorrhoea with normal prolactin, no response to estrogen-progesterone challenge, and history of D&C
Asherman syndrome
Therapy for polycystic ovarian syndrome
Weight loss & OCPs
Consider metformin
Medication used to induce ovulation
Clomiophene citrate
Diagnostic step required in a postmenopausal woman who presents with vaginal bleeding
Endometrial biopsy
Indications for medical treatment of ectopic pregnancy
Patient stable;
Unruptured ectopic pregnancy of <3.5cm at <6 weeks gestation
Medical options for endometriosis
OCP, danazol, GnRH agonists
Laparoscopic findings in endometriosis
Powder Burma & chocolate cysts
Most common location for an ectopic pregnancy
Ampulla of oviduct
Diagnosis and follow up of leiomyoma
Ultrasonography
Natural history of leiomyoma
Regresses after menopause
A patient has increased vaginal discharge and petechia patches in the upper vagina and cervix
Trichomonal vaginitis
Treatment for bacterial vaginosis
Oral metronidazole
Most common cause of bloody nipple discharge
Intraductal papilloma
Contraceptive methods that protect against PID
OCP & barrier contraception
Unopposed oestrogen is contraindicated in which cancers?
Endometrial & ER + breast cancers
A patient presents with recent PID & RUQ lain
Consider Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
Breast malignancy presenting as itching, burning, and erosion of the nipple
Pager disease
Annual screening for women with a strong family history of ovarian cancer
Ca-125 and TVUS
A 50 year old woman leaks urine when laughing or coughing.
Non surgical options?
Kegel exercises, oestrogen, pessaries for stress incontinence
A 30 year old woman has unpredictable urine loss. Examination is normal. Medical options?
Anticholinergics (oxybutinin) or b-adrenergics (metaproterenol) for urge incontinence
Lab values for suggestive of menopause
Raised serum FSH
Most common cause of female infertility
Endometriosis
Two consecutive findings of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) on Pap smear. Follow up evaluation?
Colposcopy & endocervical curettage
Breast cancer type that increases the future risk of invasive carcinoma in both breasts?
Lobular carcinoma in situ
