Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > research methods > Flashcards

research methods Flashcards

2

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what are the types of experiment methods?

A
  • lab study.
  • natural study.
  • quasi- experiment.
  • field study
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is a lab study?

A
  • it is when participants go to researcher, where they are studied under controlled environment.
  • controls all the IV.
  • limitations: lacks external validity, increase in demand characteristics.
  • strengths: high internal validity, can make clear conclusions, and draw cause and effect relationship.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a field experiment.

A
  • experiment is conducted in a natural settings.
  • control variables.
  • limitation: decrease in the internal validity because there is a lack of control over extraneous variables.
  • strength: high external validity, less demand characteristics.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a natural experiment?

A
  • when the variables exist naturally, so there is no manipulation over the IV.
  • strengths: high external and ecological validity.
  • limitations: lack of control over confounding variables.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is a quasi experiment?

A
  • an almost experiment; it uses other experiments that already exists and compare data.
  • limitations: lack of control over variables.
  • strengths: high external validity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an observation?

A

the process of capturing how people behave in response to a stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the types of observations?

A
  • naturalistic.
  • controlled observations.
  • covert.
  • overt.
  • participant.
  • non participant.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is a naturalistic observation.

A

behaviours is observed where it occurs.
- low internal validity.
- high external validity and less demand characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a controlled observation?

A

behaviour is observed in a lab setting.
- high internal validity.
- low external validity and more demand characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is a covert observation?

A

the participants do not know they are being observed.
- ethical issues –> no inform consent.
- high internal validity,
- no demand characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is an overt observation?

A

the participants know they are being observed.
- no ethical issues.
- high demand characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a participant observation?

A

researcher takes part in the research and observes the behaviours.
- less demand characteristics.
- more subjected to observers bias and the observer might lose objectivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a non participant observation?

A

researcher does not take part in the experiment.
- more objective.
- more demand characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the self report methods?

A
  • when a participants evaluate themselves.
  • questionnaires.
  • interviews.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a questionnaire?

A

a series of questions for the purpose of gaining info from the responders.
- strength: provide info at low cost –> economical.
- limitation: time consuming for open ended questions; also takes respondents time to answer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

open ended questions.

A

allows people to express what they think, and expand on their answer.
- strength: rich qualitative data can be obtained = researcher finds more about the person.
- limitations: not suitable for those with less education because they require high writing skills to explain behaviours in a detailed way; time consuming to analyse qualitative data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

closed ended questions?

A

allows responses to only answer to pre decided categories such as yes or no, or a scale. = obtain quantitative data
- strength: large sample can be obtained and give data that is representative without being time consuming.
- limitations: lack details because the responses are fixed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is an interview?

A

when the same questions are asked in the same order to each interviewee.
- structured interview.
- unstructured interview.
- semi - structured interview.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

structured interview?

A

standard set of questions that are asked in the same order and manner.
- strengths: easy to replicate which makes it reliable.
- limitations: not flexible less rich data is collected.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

semi structured interview?

A

allows for both open and close ended questions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

group interview?

A

an informal type of discussion.
- limitations: lack validity because some would lie for social desirability and some would conform.
- strengths: more ecological validity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

unstructured interview

A

known as discovery interview and it more like a guided conversation.
- strengths: rich data, increase validity as researcher can expand and have a deeper understanding of the responds.
- limitations: needs training which is expensive, time consuming to conduct an unstructured interview and analyse the qualitative data.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is a correlation

A

shows the relationship between 2 co-variables.
- shown by a scatter graph.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is co-variables?

A

two variables that change however are not set by researcher.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is correlation co-efficient

A

a number they describes the direction of the relationship of the co-variables.
- the closer it is to +1 or -1 the stronger correlation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

content analysis

A

a form of study where communication is studied indirectly.
- involves coding and thematic analysis?
- strengths: high external validity, flexible, few ethical issues.
- limitation: subjective and have to be studied out of context.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is coding?

A

putting data into meaningful categories.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is thematic analysis?

A

where reoccurring themes are identified and described.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

case studies?

A

a personalised study where it looks at one person, collecting rich qualitative and quantitative data.
longitudinal
- strengths: insight into unusual cases, generates hypothesis for future studies.
- limitations: subjective, can not genralise.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is an aim?

A

a general statement about what the study is about.
- has to be specific and true.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is a hypothesis?

A

a statement that proposes an explanation for something, however has to be tested before being spread; it would normally predict the results of the experiment.
- hypothesis needs to be operationalised.
- one tailed: directional hypothesis would predict the nature / difference that the IV has on the DV.
- two tailed: non directional hypothesis would predicts that the IV will have an effect on the DV however direction of the effect is stated.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the sampling techniques?

A
  • random.
  • systematic.
  • stratified.
  • opportunity.
  • volunteer.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

random sampling?

A

randomly choosing participants in which all participants have an equal chance of being selected.
- strength: high validity so results can be generalised; unbiased sample.
- limitations: harder to establish cause and effect as results might differ; could be unrepresentative therefore not generalisable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

systematic sampling.

A

selecting participants in a systematic way such as selecting participants every nth.
- strength: representative data of targeted population, simple, not bias.
- limitations: not practical, unreliable,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

stratified sampling.

A

identifying the subgroups within a population based on their frequency.
- strength: more representative and proportional.
- limitation: time consuming.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

opportunity sampling.

A

samples are made from anyone who is available.
- strength: convenient.
- limitation: sample is not accurate representation of the target population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the ethical issues?

A
  • deception.
  • ## harm to participants.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is a range

A

It shows how spread a data is

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Features of a scientific report

A
  • introduction.
  • abstract
  • method.
  • results.
  • discussion.
  • sources
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the 7 features of a science.

A
  • paradigms.
  • paradigms shifts.
  • falsifiability.
  • reliability.
  • objectivity.
  • empirical methods
  • theory constructing.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

pilot study

A

an experimental study to test the control and validity of the study; by checking the procedure.
- eliminate any extraneous study and make changes to the study.

39
Q

what are the types of experimental designs.

A
  • repeated measures.
  • independent group.
  • matched pairs.
40
Q

repeated measures.

A

same participants take part in each condition of the IV.
- strengths: reduces participant variable; easier as less people are needed.
- limitations: order effect = which could be stopped by counterbalancing; demand characteristics on the second condition as participants might figure the aim of the study.

41
Q

independent groups.

A

different participants are used in each condition.
- strengths: no order effect; no demand characteristics.
- limitations: more participant variables.

42
Q

matched pairs.

A

each condition uses diff participants who have similar characteristics that might effect the performance of the tasks.
- strengths: eliminates any participant variables; avoids order effect.
- limitations: time consuming to match people; imposable to have an exact match.

43
Q

what are the observational designs.

A
  • behavioural categories.
  • time sampling.
  • event sampling.
44
Q

behavioural categories.

A

constructing a structured observation by psychologist determining what behaviours they will be examining.
- operationalise the behaviour through behavioural categories.
- breaking target behaviour into components that could be measured and observed.
- strengths: high ecological validity; low demand characteristics.
- limitations: low reliability because it depends on personal interpretations; lack of control extraneous variables; observer bias.

45
Q

event sampling

A

counting the number any behaviour is displayed.
- using a tally chart.
- strength: useful for a big sample.
- limitations: lacks details as it collects quantitative data.

46
Q

time sampling.

A

recording behaviour in a given time frame; like recording behaviour every minute.
- strength: useful for big samples.
- limitations: not every behaviour is noted.

47
Q

how to write a good question

A
  • clarity = easy to understand and avoid double barrelled questions.
  • bias = eliminate social desirability.
  • analysis: questions need to be writing in order to understand.
48
Q

conducting a good interview.

A
  • comfortable setting.
  • avoid use of jargon.
  • avoid emotional language.
  • standard structure
49
Q

IV

A

the variable that is manipulated and cause an effect on the DV

50
Q

DV

A

the variable that is measured and effected by the IV

51
Q

extraneous variable.

A

any variable that is not intentionally manipulated in test or experiment.

52
Q

confounding variable.

A

any extra hidden variables that have an effect on the on the results of the study.

53
Q

what is participants variable.

A

extraneous variables that are related to individual characteristics of each participant and that may impact the way the respond to the study.

54
Q

what is a situational variable.

A

extraneous variables that are related to things within the environment and that may impact how participants respond to the study.

55
Q

what is operationalisation.

A

stating what the DV and IV measured in.

56
Q

what is random allocation?

A

putting participants in conditions randomly; where they all have an equal chance of being selected.

57
Q

what is standardisation?

A

where the procedure if controlled to avoid researcher bias an all participants have the same experience.

58
Q

what is demand characteristics.

A

when participants try and figure the aim of the study in which they will adapt their behaviour to the desired behaviour.

59
Q

what is investigator effect.

A

when the investigator consciously or subconsciously gives participants clues as how to act

60
Q

what are the ethical issues.

A
  • deception.
  • confidentiality.
  • informed consent
  • protection of harm.
  • protection from harm.
  • right to withdraw.
61
Q

the role of peer review.

A
  • to allocate funding.
  • improvement by giving suggestion.
  • validate quality of study.
62
Q

what is peer review.

A

the evaluation of work by one or more people with similar skills.
- functions as a form of self regulation by a qualified member of a profession within the relevant field.

63
Q

why is it important to peer review a study?

A
  • give credibility.
  • improve performance.
  • maintain quality standards.
64
Q

what is economical psychology?

A

looks at people’s behaviour regarding their economic lives.
- social, cognitive and emotional factors on their economic decisions.
- attachment studies impact whether a mother would choose to stay at home or return to work.

65
Q

reliability?

A

the ability to replicate a study and get the same results.
- interrater reliability: two observer agree on a behaviour.
- test rater reliability: would do a test on the same person at diff occasions and get the same results.

66
Q

validity?

A

the measure of whether a study is measuring what it intends to measure.
- temporal validity: if the study is applicable to the current time.
- ecological validity: if study is applicable to the real world.
- face validity: testing what it’s supposed to test on the face of it.
- concurrent validity: if the current results match with previous research.

67
Q

objectivity

A

minimising bias.

68
Q

empirical method

A

uses scientific investigation, and scientific methods to establish scientific results.

69
Q

replicability

A

when the results are replicated again = reliable.

70
Q

falsifiability.

A

the ability of the theory to be proven wrong.

71
Q

theory constructing.

A

the ability to produce a testable hypothesis.

72
Q

paradigms.

A

science have a set of assumptions and the study matches that.

73
Q

paradigms shift

A

away from the set of assumptions causing a scientific revolution.

74
Q

abstract

A
  • short summery of key elements.
75
Q

introduction.

A

aim and hypothesis

76
Q

method

A

design, sample, procedure, apparatus, procedure, ethics.

77
Q

results.

A

descriptive and inferential.

78
Q

discussion

A

conclusion, limitations, links.

79
Q

referencing.

A

giving credit to sources used.

80
Q

quantitative data.

A

numerical data

81
Q

qualitative data.

A

rich detailed data that contains words.

82
Q

primary data

A

data obtained by researcher doing research

83
Q

secondary data

A

data obtained by other researchers.

84
Q

meta analysis

A

collecting data from other studies to find patters and similarities and differences.
- secondary data

85
Q

what are the measures of central tendency.

A
  • mean.
  • median.
  • mode
86
Q

mean

A
  • strength: makes use of all data.
  • limitations: can be unrepresentative if there are extreme data.
  • no used for ordinal data
87
Q

median

A
  • strength: unaffected by extreme value because not all values are reflected.
  • limitations: not used for nominal data.
88
Q

mode

A
  • strength: used for nominal data.
  • limitations: not useful way to describe data when there several modes.
89
Q

standard deviation.

A

measure which shows to what extend the values in data set to deviate from the mean.
- positive skewed distribution: mean > mode.
- negative skewed distribution: mean < mode

90
Q

unrelated

A

independent group.

91
Q

related

A

matched pairs.
repeated measures.

92
Q

nominal

A

categories.

93
Q

ordinal

A

order data.
- like a rank

94
Q

interval

A

public scales of measurement.
- parametric test: best level of measurement.

95
Q

what is the significance levels.

A

0.05

96
Q

what is type 1 error

A

rejecting the null hypothesis and accepting the experimental when should have accepted the null.
- when significance is too lenient such as 10%.
- optimistic.

97
Q

what type 2 error

A
  • accepting the null hypothesis when should have accepted the experimental.
  • significant level is too strict 1%.
  • pessimistic.

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions