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psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a phobia?

A

irrational fear from an object or a social situation.

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2
Q

what are the three types of phobias?

A
  • agoraphobia.
  • specific phobia.
  • social phobia
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3
Q

what’s specific phobia?

A

fear of objects

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4
Q

what’s social phobia?

A

fear of social situations.

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5
Q

what’s agoraphobia?

A

fear of being in a situation where help or escape is unavailable.

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6
Q

behavioural characteristics of phobia

A
  • panic = crying and screaming.
  • endurance = high anxiety but remain next to stimulus.
  • avoidance = avoiding situations where stimulus is there.
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7
Q

emotional characteristics of phobias

A

-anxiety.
- high arousal.

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8
Q

cognitive characteristics of phobias

A
  • irrational belief and fear of stimulus.
  • selective attention to phobia.
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9
Q

what is the behavioural explanation of phobia’s

A
  • using the two process model, to explain how phobia is gained and maintained.
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10
Q

how is phobia’s acquired by classical conditioning.

A
  • through the association of fearful event with an item or an event.
  • the fearful event is the unconditional stimulus.
  • the object is the neutral stimulus.
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11
Q

how is a phobia maintained by operant conditioning.

A
  • through negative reinforcement.
  • avoiding phobia to avoid the anxiety, which act the negative consequence.
  • explains why phobias are long lasting.
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12
Q

research support - little albert.
- behavioural approach to explain phobia.

A
  • by watson et at.
  • conditioned little albert to have a fear of any white fury object.
  • through making association with the loud noise of a white rat.
  • shows validity of theory.
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13
Q

research support.
- behavioural approach to explain phobias.

A
  • dental study.
  • 73% of people with a dental phobia.
  • had bad experience with dentist.
  • shows that phobias are acquired.
  • compared to a control group.
  • 21% of control group.
  • low anxiety.
  • real world research showing validity of theory.
  • high external validity.
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14
Q

HOWEVER - not all phobias are acquired through bad experiences.
- behavioural explanations of phobias.

A
  • people with a snake phobia.
  • only in Australia mostly.
  • no experience with snakes.
  • this phobia can not be explained by the two process model.
  • does not account for this type of phobia.
  • incomplete explanation.
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15
Q

ignores other factors that influence phobias.
- behavioural explanation of phobias.

A
  • ignores role of emotions and cognition.
  • does not explain how the irrational thoughts are obtained.
  • nor the high anxiety experienced.
  • only how phobias are acquired and maintained.
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16
Q

RWA.
- behavioural explanations of phobias.

A
  • real world application.
  • design treatments.
  • exposure therapy which work on the principle of desensitising the stimulus.
  • treating the avoidance part of the phobia.
  • has a good practical value.
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17
Q

how do behavioural therapies work?

A

by normalising the the stimulus.

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18
Q

what are the two types of behavioural therapies of phobia.

A
  • flooding.
  • systematic desensitisation.
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19
Q

what is the aim of flooding.

A

extension of the phobia, through giving the stimulus all at once.
- can not back up.
- no avoidance.

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20
Q

how long does flooding last

A

1 session for 2 to 3 hours

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21
Q

issues with flooding

A
  • ethical issues are overcome by informed consent.
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22
Q

how does systematic desensitisation work.

A

make a new response to a stimulus.
- through building an anxiety hierarchy = from lowest to highest.
- provided with relaxation strategies.
- can not move up the hierarchy until person is relaxed at the lowest parts.
- counterconditioning.

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23
Q

how long does systematic desensitisation take?

A
  • multiple sessions
  • short sessions.
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24
Q

cost effective.
- flooding.

A
  • cheap.
  • 1 session.
  • person can not back up.
  • more people are treated for less money and time.
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25
Q

traumatic.
- flooding.

A
  • study shows that people rated flooding as a high anxiety therapy.
  • rises ethical issues.
  • however these issues are overcome.
  • by getting informed consent.
  • minor ethical issues.
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26
Q

works for a range of phobias and people.
- SD

A
  • work for a range of phobias.
  • range of people.
  • people with learning disability.
  • not confusing.
  • simple.
  • more effective than other therapies.
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27
Q

research support.
- SD

A
  • does not work without the relaxation techniques.
  • actually works.
  • research.
  • 44 people.
  • were less fearful in 33 months with the therapy.
  • compared to control group who ad other forms of therapy.
  • helpful
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28
Q

behavioural characteristic of depression.

A
  • psychomotor agitation.
  • insomnia or hyperinsomaia.
  • change in eating behaviour.
  • lethargic.
  • self harm
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29
Q

emotional characteristics of depression.

A
  • low mood.
  • anger.
  • poor concentration.
  • ## poor decision making.
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30
Q

cognitive characteristics of depression.

A
  • absolute thinking.
  • negative schema.
  • negative view of the world.
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31
Q

What is this Beck’s model 

A

It states that people are moving rowboat to develop depression if they have faulty info processing

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32
Q

What is faulty info processing

A

It’s when a person ignores the positives and focus on negatives

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33
Q

What is the negative self schema

A

When a person and view themselves in a negative way based on their experiences in childhood and adolescence rejections

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34
Q

What is Beck’s negative triad

A

It’s an automatic thinking pattern that has a dysfunctional view About the self, the world and the future 

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35
Q

What is Elise ABC model?

A

A = Activating event.
B = Beliefs
C= Consequences.

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36
Q

How does the ABC model work

A

The activating event triggers irrational beliefs, which then leads to negative consequences which are shown emotionally and behaviourally.
- the The beliefs are already there, they just activated by an event. Such as musterbation and utopnoism.
- the activating event catalyses the beliefs.

37
Q

Research support -cognitive Vulnerability.
- Cognitive explanation of depression

A
  • Research support about the cognitive vulnerability of depression.
  • I study conducted on 473 teens With a negative view of themselves . 2019 study confirmed it
  • Predicted depression in the future.
  • Shows that there is an association between cognitive vulnerability and depression
38
Q

RWA - screening.
- Explaining depression using cognitive approach

A
  • it has real world application.
  • Can be used to screen young people for a negative schema.
  • Set a plan is for them to prevent future depression.
  • Shows that an understanding of cognitive vulnerability is useful in more than one aspect of clinical practice 
39
Q

Real world application.
- Using cognitive approach to explain depression 

A
  • Ellis ABC model.
  • came up with the REBT therapy.
  • works on arguing with depressed people to make them understand their irrational beliefs.
  • evidence show that REBT can alter negative thinking and relief symptoms.
  • REBT has practical value.
40
Q

Reactive and endogenous depression

A
  • Elis’s ABC model.
  • Only explains reactive depression and not endogenous.
  • It explains that depression is triggered by a life event.
  • However, in most cases, depression cannot be traced back into event.
  • Therefore people are unsure how that person develop depression. This is called endogenous depression.
  • shows that using Elis model lacks full explanation, can’t not explain all causes of depression.
41
Q

How does the cognitive approach treat depression?

A

Through cognitive behavioural therapy

42
Q

What type of cognitive treatments treat depression?

A
  • Beck’s behavioural therapy.
  • ABCDE = REBT therapy
43
Q

What is beck’s behavioural therapy.

A
  • The therapist and the client works together.
  • Identify thoughts about the self, the future in the world
  • Test reality of their belief.
  • Give evidence against their belief
  • might be set a homework.
44
Q

What is the ABCD model.

A
  • A = Activating event.
  • B = Beliefs.
  • C = Consequences.
  • D = Dispute.
  • E = Effect 
45
Q

How does REBT treat depression

A
  • Challenging irrational thoughts.
  • through empirical argument = disputing through seeing if there is any evidence that supports the belief.
  • vigorous arguments.
  • logical argument = disputing belief using facts.
46
Q

What is behavioural activation?

A

Works To decrease the avoidance in isolation of a depressed person to increase their engagement in activities that have been shown to improve mood, such as exercising, and the therapist aims to reinforce such activities for a better mood 

47
Q

Evidence for effectiveness.
- Treating depression using a cognitive approach 

A
  • Evidence to show that it does work.
  • Can combine CBT with antidepressants.
  • study = 327 depressed adolescent treated for 36 weeks differently.
  • 81% the group with CBT alone had improved.
  • 81% of people with antidepressants only improved.
  • 86% for combination of both CBT and antidepressants.
  • shows that it works on it’s own but with other methods.
  • CBT is also cost effective.
  • only requires a few sessions.
  • can be used by the NHS to treat people
48
Q

Not suitable for all clients with depression.
- cognitive approach to treat depression.

A
  • It’s not effective for people with learning, disability or severe depression.
  • For people with severe depression, they are less motivated.
  • Want to engage with therapy or pay attention.
  • Cognitive behavioural therapy is too complex for people with learning disability.
  • People with learning disability cannot gather they’re negative thoughts about the selves, or the future or the world.
  • Beck’s model would not be effective.
  • Suggest that cognitive behavioural therapy is only appropriate for a specific range of people
49
Q

HOWEVER - counter Research about effectiveness with people with learning disabilities and severe depression 

A
  • Recent studies, reviewed.
  • I reviewed studies show that antidepressants were as effective as using Cognitive behavioural therapy to treat people with severe depression .
  • Another study reviewed shows that it’s appropriate to use CBT with people with people learning disabilities because it could be adapted to their needs.
  • Showing that CBT is a suitable option for a wider range of people
50
Q

High relapse rate.
- Cognitive approach to treating depression.

A
  • Although CBT is effective to treat the symptoms of depression.
  • The benefits of CBT do not last for long.
  • Recent studies show that CBT do not have long of term effects on treating depression as the symptoms tend to come back.
  • Study assessed 439 clients every month for 12 months on a course of CBT.
  • 42% of clients relapsed into depression within six months of ending.
    1. Relapsed within the same year.
  • CBT might have to be repeated periodically which is time-consuming for both the NHS and the person themselves.
  • Therefore alternative such as antidepressants are more effective
51
Q

What is OCD?

A

A disorder that is categorised by obsessive compulsive avoidance behaviour.

52
Q

Examples of OCD

A
  • Hoarding disorder, religious a obsession
53
Q

Behaviour characteristics of OCD

A
  • Compulsions
    avoidance
    repeated behaviour
54
Q

Emotional characteristics of OCD

A
  • Guilt
  • Disgust.
  • Anxiety 
55
Q

Cognitive characteristics of OCD

A
  • Obsession.
  • Irrational thoughts 
56
Q

What are the two biological explanations of OCD

A
  • genetic explanation.
  • Neural explanation.
57
Q

What is the genetic explanation of OCD?

A
  • States that genes make you more vulnerable to OCD.
58
Q

What is it meant by aetiologically heterogeneous when explaining OCD?

A

Different sets of genes could cause OCD

59
Q

What did Lewis et al find about OCD?

A

That it’s genetic, and that if there is closer relation with families, there is a higher chance of developing OCD.
- 37% chance if parents have OCD child will have OCD 

60
Q

What Did Taylor find about OCD?

A

It’s a poly genic disorder with 230 genes involved in causing OCD.
- found by a metal analysis 

61
Q

What is the neural explanation of OCD?

A

OCD is associated with unbalanced neurotransmitters, and faulty brain structure

62
Q

What is the theory about abnormal function in the lateral frontal lobe with OCD?

A

If there is abnormal function in the parahippocampal gyrus, there will be OCD because it processes and present information which lead to impaired decision-making which leads to stuff like hoarding disorder is

63
Q

What is the role of serotonin an OCD?

A

Hello serotonin causes OCD because mood relevant information is not processed 

64
Q

What is the diathesis stress model of OCD?

A

People will have genetic vulnerability, however, would need a stressor event to trigger it

65
Q

Research support.
- Biological explanation of OCD 

A
  • Genetic explanation of OCD has a strong evident base.
  • Evidence from variety of sources show, and is not strongly suggest that some people are vulnerable to OCD to do their genetic make up.
  • Twin studies = 68% of identical twins have OCD when the one of them have OCD.
  • Compare to 31% For a non-identical twins.
  • many family studies also show how vulnerability to OCD is caused by genetics
  • Studies found that if a person within a family has OCD and passes for the time is likely to develop 
66
Q

Environmental risk factors.
- Biological explanation of OCD 

A
  • There are environmental risk factors which their genetic model does not account for.
  • OCD is not entirely genetic.
  • Environmental factors can trigger Or increase chances of developing OCD.
  • Research done on OCD patients.
  • More than half experience, traumatic events.
  • OCD was more severe in those with more trauma.
  • Genetic vulnerability is only a partial explanation 
67
Q

Research support for neural explanations.
- Biological explanation of OCD 

A
  • Existence of supporting evidence.
  • Antidepressants work on serotonin alone.
  • They help people with suggest that there is a biological underlining problem.
  • 
68
Q

No unique neural system.
- Biological explanation of 

A
  • No unique neural system.
  • People with OCD can also experience depression.
  • Co-morbidity.
  • Depression also involves action of Serotonin.
  • It could suggest that there is no relation between OCD and loss or toning, and that only happens because people are depressed as well. Have OCD
  • This makes the numeral system theory invalid 
69
Q

How does the biological approach treats OCD?

A

Through drugs that balance the serotonin levels in the brain 

70
Q

What is SSRI?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
- Work by blocking the membrane on the presynaptic neuron that absorb excess serotonin, that so that more is Release to the postsynaptic.


71
Q

What is the dose of SSRI?

A

20 mg however, it could increase to up to 60 mg depending on the case

72
Q

What can SSRI be combined with? 

A

CBT

73
Q

How long does a person have to take ssri

A

3 to 4 months

74
Q

Why is it good to combine SSRI would CBT?

A

SSRI come as a person down and have some focus on therapy which provides relaxation techniques to prevent anxiety from obsessive thoughts 

75
Q

What is SNRI

A
  • Serotonin Noradrenaline Reuptake inhibitor.
  • For more severe cases.
  • increase levels of serotonin and noradrenaline.
76
Q

What are the alternatives to SSRI?

A
  • Tricyclics = Have more severe side-effects.
  • SNRI
77
Q

Serious sides effects.
- Biological approach is treating OCD 

A
  • Serious side-effects of using drugs to treat OCD.
  • Digestion, problems, blood vision, low sex, drive, heart problems aggression.
  • Reduces quality of life.
  • People are less motivated to take their medication, which causes High relapse rate therefore it’s not a good treatment message.
78
Q

Cost-effective.
- Biological Treatment of OCD 

A
  • It’s cost-effective and non Disruptive.
  • Good for NHS and good for people to continue with their lives normally.
  • Good for economy because it does not stop people from going to work.
  • Overall, so many benefits 
79
Q

Evidence for effectiveness.
- Biological treatments of OCD 

A
  • There is a review of a placebo versus SSRI 17 studies.
  • Of OCD patients.
  • Shows that necessary work to buy 70% compared to placebo.
  • However, other studies suggests that CBT is more effective.
80
Q

Biased evidence.
- Biological approach to treating OCD 

A
  • The evidence published about drug therapies. Usually done by drug companions.
  • This question is validity of the research because they could be selectively publishing, positive results and a positive outcomes only.
  • This means that there is limited psychological research about the effectiveness of SSRI and other drugs that cheat OCD 
81
Q

What are the Four ways that abnormality can be explained by 

A
  • Deviation from social norms.
  • Statistical infrequency.
  • Deviation from ideal mental health.
  • Failure to function adequately 
82
Q

What is deviation from social norms?

A
  • Away to define abnormality based on the social norms that exists within a generation or culture.
  • Could be universal such as antisocial personality disorder.
  • It’s when an individual does not meet the social and cultural standards of a society.
83
Q

Evaluation on deviation of from social norms

A
  • A positive is that he has real world application is used to diagnose stuff like antisocial personality disorder, Where behaviour is questioned because of the lack of social acceptable behaviour.
  • A limitation is that is subjected to cultures, So cannot be used to diagnose disorders universally.
  • It could lead to human rights abuse. For example, over history of time, it was used to diagnose women Who has high sexual drive To be seen as abnormal.
    
84
Q

What is the Statistical infrequency as the definition of abnormality 

A
  • It’s when someone has less common characteristic compared to a wider societies .
  • Uses numbers and looks at data distribution.
  • If it’s Statistically, unusual, it’s abnormal.
    
85
Q

Evaluation for using statistical infrequency as a way to define abnormality

A
  • One limitation is that being unusual can be good, such as high, IQ is unusual, statistically speaking, however, it’s good meaning that it’s not a very valid way to measure abnormality.
  • One strength is that it has real world application, because it can be used in clinical therapy to aid people based on the degree, that they are abnormal using that statistical infrequency because it’s reliable.
  • It creates social stigma for people with who choose to cope with their lifestyles and abnormalities
86
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental

A
  • When a person does not mean the Criteria for good mental health.
  • Set by Jahoda.
87
Q

Evaluation to using deviation from ideal mental health as a definition of abnormality

A
  • One strength is that it gives a comprehensive explanation to what good ideal, mental health looks like.
  • One limitation is that it might be cultural bound For example, in diagnosing schizophrenia, the first thing people look at is hallucinations however, in African cultures hallucinations are way to communicate with ancestors.
  • One strength is that it has high standards, meaning that people are less common to be not diagnosed when they are struggling with mental health issues 
88
Q

Where is failure to function adequately Is the definition of abnormality

A
  • When a person is unable to cope with the day-to-day tasks.
  • Such as intellectual disability disorders Which you were supposed to testicle infrequency and failure to adequately live.
  • For example, a person who has a failure to function would often not keep a job 
89
Q

What is the valuation for failure to function adequately as an explanation for abnormality?

A
  • One strength of this is that it shows when people need help the most because if you’re feeling to function, then you are able to get help more.
  • People Have different life choices and lifestyles. Therefore it would be hard to tell when someone is failing to function adequately or choosing to live in conditions like this.
  • give psychologist away to control and discriminate and socially control people because if you’re feeling adequately, then you might be locked up 

Psychology (11 decks)

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