Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

2

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

who opened the first lab to study psychology?

A

William Wundt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what was Wundt’s method to study the thoughts in the brain?

A

introspection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the behaviourist approach?

A

studying behaviour in terms of learning, through objective and highly controlled methods.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what do behaviourists believe?

A

that the mind of a baby is like a blank slate.
all experiences are learnt through learning.
our past learning experiences condition us and control the way we act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is conditioning?

A

learning through experience.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the two types of conditioning?

A

classical
operant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

classical conditioning.

A

learning through association.
happens when an unconditional stimulus is paired with a natural stimulus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Pavlov’s dog (classical conditioning)

A

showed how a dog can be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell.
1) unconditional stimulus = no response.
2) unconditioned stimulus + natural stimulus = unconditional response.
3) conditioned stimulus = conditioned response.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Little Albert ( classical conditioning)

A

little albert obtained a phobia from while fluffy things.
- every time child touched fury things a loud bell would ring scaring the child.
- the child made an association between the white rat and the loud bang.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Operant conditioning

A

when behaviour is shaped and maintained through it’s consequences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

positive reinforcement

A

doing a behaviour to gain a reward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

negative reinforcement

A

doing a behaviour to avoid a negative consequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

punishment

A

doing a behaviour and getting a negative consequence from it,.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Skinner’s research (operant conditioning)

A

did a research on rats.
- pull leaver: get shocked or get food.
if shocked = behaviour would decrease.
if given reward behaviour would increase.
if shocked behaviour would decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

variable ration

A

giving reward and consequence at variables so behaviour is maintained for a long time.
- prolong resistance to behaviour dying out.
could explain gambling.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

evaluation of behaviourist approach.

A

+ rwa, treating phobias using classical and explain gambling and token economy system in prisons.

+ highly controlled research, clear cause and effect relationship, behaviour broken down to simple understandable components, high scientific validity.

  • environmental determinism, all behaviour is due to the past, ignores role of free will, low external validity.
  • oversimplification of behaviour to only environment, ignores bio and mental factors, SLT is better approach, not reliable.

-ethical issues in little albert and the rats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

SLT

A

learning through observing behaviour and it’s consequence.
bridge between cognitive and behaviourist approach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

observing behaviour and it’s consequence.
indirect learning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes

A

attention, retention, motor reproductivity, motivation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Bandura

A

did two studies with Boba doll.
- children watch adult behave aggressive = they behaved aggressive.
- children watch adults hit Boba doll and either get a reward or a consequence.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

controlled lab studies.
-SLT

A
  • Bandura’s research had very good control over extraneous variables.
  • had control over internal variables.
  • meaning that it had high internal validity.
  • researchers could draw valid conclusions and establish clear cause and effect relationships.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cognitive approach

A

the study of mental processes.
how info is stored, manipulated and and perceived.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how do cognitive psychologists study private thoughts

A

under controlled observation in a lab setting, the psychologists make inferences based on observable behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Schema

A

a package of idea and info shaped by our experiences.
- set expectations.
- help us make shortcut for info being processes.
- could alter how view things.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

cognitive neuroscience.

A

is the use of brain scans and technology to map the brain areas where each cognitive function is associated with an area of the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

experiment about schema

A

the rat man

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

two models in cognitive approach

A

theoretical model = abstract, describes how info flows in a sequence.

computer model=
input = process = output.
comparing humans to machines.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

schema

A

schema is a package of thoughts and info formed through experiences.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define introspection.

A

the first experimental systematic way to study behaviour and mental process by breaking them down into simple sensations, thoughts images.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

systematic.

EVALUATION - scientific

origin of psychology.

strength.

A
  • the process of introspection was scientific.
  • it was systematic and well controlled.
  • lab study.
  • eliminated all of the extraneous variables.
  • instructions were standardised.
  • establishes the baseline for future scientific approaches.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mental process are private.

EVALUATION - subjective.

orgins of psychology.

limitation.

A
  • unscientific today.
  • relied on participants self reporting their mental process.
  • some participants may have hid things
  • difficult to establish meaningful thoughts.
  • criticised by Watson as subjective.
  • flawed and do not meet the criteria of a science.
29
Q

8

A
30
Q

However - lack of control over confounding variables.
- SLT

A
  • Bandura controlled extraneous variables.
  • however did not control confounding variables.
  • the doll used in the study was meant to be hit.
  • the children were not behaving abnormally.
  • this lack of confounding variables could increase demand characteristics.
  • the study is lacking internal validity.
31
Q

recognises cognitive factors.
- SLT

A
  • unlike other approaches it recognises multiple factors when explaining behaviour.
  • recognises the process of environmental learning but also the cognitive factor.
  • explained in the first two stages of the 4 mediational process.
  • explains the cognitive role of learning.
  • more comprehensive.
32
Q

HOWEVER - ignores biological factors.
- SLT

A
  • ignores role of biological factors.
  • unable to explain why people learn biologically.
  • role of mirror neurones.
  • recent research.
  • incomplete explanation.
33
Q

RWA.
- SLT

A
  • real world application.
  • explains how gender identity is acquired.
  • due to children identify with the same gender parent.
  • learning through mediational process.
  • explains cultural differences and how cultural norms are taken.
  • useful in explaining everyday situations
34
Q

machine reductionism.
- cognitive approach.

A
  • uses models such as the computer model to understand the flow of information in terms of cognition.
  • although this is a good to illustrate the way the brain handles information from the environment and the way it gives a response.
  • it is an oversimplification of the human brain and human learning.
  • humans are not machines and they are more complex.
  • therefore it is reductionist.
35
Q

ignores the role of emotions.
- cognitive approach.

A
  • does not account the role of emotions.
  • on cognition.
  • recent studies show that memory is effected by intensity of emotions such as anxiety could either increase or decrease ability to retrieve information.
  • shows that behaviours are not only controlled by the mind’s mental process but also the emotions.
  • incomplete explanation.
36
Q

scientific method of investigation.
- cognitive approach.

A
  • controlled method of studying.
  • uses brain scans such as fMRI and CAT scans.
  • also studies humans using lab studies.
  • control all variables.
  • high internal validity.
  • draw clear conclusions and establish clear cause and effect relationships.
37
Q

RWA.
- cognitive approach.

A
  • has real world application.
  • helped in the development of AI, CBT and thinking machines.
  • has a high ecological validity.
  • helpful psychologically but also industrially.
38
Q

what is the biological approach.

A

it states that everything psychological is first biological.
- focus on the role of genes and hormones.
- acknowledges that the genes do interact with the environment.
- however only the genes control behaviour mostly.

39
Q

what type of research does the biological approach uses.

A
  • twin studies where they look at concordance rate.
  • family studies.
40
Q

what is neurochemistry.

A

the roles of neurones and neurotransmitters on the behaviour.

40
Q

what is a genotype.

A

the genetic makeup of an individual.

41
Q

what is a phenotype

A

the physical and psychological characteristics that are expressed from the phenotype.

42
Q

what is evloution

A

the process of inheriting genes from an based on natural selection do to survival of the fittest.

43
Q
A
44
Q

biological determinism?
- biological approach.

A
  • does not account for other processes.
  • states that human behaviours come from internal factors such as hormones.
  • also has genetic determinism.
  • conflicts with the legal system.
  • criminal gene.
  • problematic.
45
Q

RWA.
- biological approach.

A
  • because it makes links to internal factors.
  • new form of treatment.
  • using drugs.
  • antipsychotics and antidepressants.
  • help people continue to live normally without disturbing their schedule.
  • effective.
  • better for the economy because people do not have to stop working due mental illnesses.
  • overall a useful approach.
46
Q

HOWEVR- they do not work for everyone.
- Biological approach.

A
  • psychoactive drugs do not work for everyone.
  • a study compared 21 studies that showed the effectiveness of drugs on treating mental illness.
  • found that effects of drug were very modest.
  • did not help anyone or have a big impact.
  • also sometimes give side effects.
  • treatments form this approach are not the best.
47
Q

what is the psychodynamic approach.

A

it states that behaviour comes from internal influences from the unconscious mind where it is changed by past experiences.
- made by freud.

47
Q

scientific.
- biological approach.

A
  • uses scientific methods.
  • such as fMRI.
  • objective and reliable methods of study.
  • accurate.
  • has high scientific credibility.
48
Q

what type of research does the approach use?

A

case studies.
- little Hans case study.

49
Q

what is the personality structure.

A
  • ID.
  • Ego.
  • super ego
50
Q

what is the ID

A
  • operates on pleasure principle.
  • seeks instant gratification.
  • exists since birth.
51
Q

what is the super ego?

A
  • moral principle.
  • developed of parents
52
Q

what is the ego?

A
  • reality principle.
  • uses coping mechanims to stop conflict between the superego and the ID
53
Q

what are coping mechanism?

A
  • displacement.
  • denial.
  • repression.
54
Q

what are the 5 psychosexual stages.

A
  • oral.
  • anal.
  • phallic.
  • latency.
  • genital.
55
Q

what is the oral stage?

A

it is when there is a fixation of getting pleasure from the mouth from the mother’s feeding.
- 0-1 year old.

56
Q

what is the anal stage

A

it is when there is a fixation from holding and withdrawing faeces.
- 2 - 3 years

57
Q

what is the phallic stage.

A

fixation on genitals.
- 3 - 6 years

58
Q

what is the latency stage

A

conflicts are supressed.
- 6 years until late teens

59
Q

what is genital phase.

A

expresses sexual desires.
- late teens into adulthood.

60
Q

based on subjective case studies.
- psychodynamic approach.

A
  • uses case studies to explain the approach.
  • not a strong evidence base.
  • subjective.
  • the info of the patient is interrupted by one person.
  • issues with generalisation.
  • not open for empirical testing.
  • therefore it’s untestable.
  • and not scientific.
61
Q

RWA.
- psychodynamic approach.

A
  • made the first form of talking therapies.
  • treat mental illness psychologically rather than physically by using drugs.
  • is the basis of modern day talking therapy such as councling.
  • useful.
62
Q

however - treats limited amount of disorders.
- psychodynamic approach.

A
  • not good for all disorders.
  • more severe like schiz.
  • only for mild illness.
  • because they lose connection to reality.
  • therefore not a good application.
63
Q

explanatory power.
- psychodynamic approach.

A
  • controversial ideas.
  • however explains concepts very thoroughly.
  • explains anonymous concepts like personality and behaviour.
  • very influential in the 20th century.
  • in psychology and literature.
  • has explanatory power.
64
Q

what is the humanistic approach.

A

it states that humans control their own behaviour and there no internal or external.
- holistic approach.
- empirical.
- subjective.

65
Q

what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

A

it is the hierarchy of needs that need to be reached for self actualisation.
1- physiological needs.
2- security and safety.
3- love and belonging.
4- self esteem.
5- aesthetic.
6- self actualisation.

66
Q

what is self actualisation.

A

one’s full potential and best self.

67
Q

what is congruence rate.

A

if the ideal self and the actual self match.

68
Q

what are Rogerian therapies / client cantered therapies.

A

therapies that are made to help clients reach congruence.
- through providing with positive self regard, to remove any conditions of worth.

69
Q

how does the humanistic approach

A

through the q sort test.

70
Q

Evaluation for humanistic approach.

A
  • limited application- rogaran therapy - limited impact due to the abstract concepts
  • not reductionist
  • positive approach
  • cultural bias - individualistic cultures

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions