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biopsychology Flashcards

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1
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A
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2
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What is localisation?

A

States that each part of the brain and different areas of the brain control different functions.

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3
Q

What is the opposite of localisation?

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Hello stick, which states that all Of the brain is involved in all functions

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4
Q

What is brocha’s area?

A

Responsible for production of speech.
- frontal lobe.
- can get brocha

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5
Q

Wernick area

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Responsible for comprehension of speech.
- Temporal lobe 

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6
Q

Somatosensory

A

Responsible for processing information that comes from the five senses.
- found in partial lobe.

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7
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Motor

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Responsible movement.
- Frontal lobe

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8
Q

Visual cortex

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Responsible for vision.
- occipital lobe

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9
Q

Auditory lobe

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Process info from the ears
- temporal lobe

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10
Q

What case study supports localisation

A

Phineas Gage.

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11
Q

Research support - brain scans
- localisation.

A
  • use of fMRI.
  • Peterson.
  • use fMRI to show which area is more active during tasks.
  • reading = wernick
  • Speech = brocha
  • further research
  • show that semantic and episodic are in diff areas.
  • support that brain function is localised.
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12
Q

HOWEVER - rat experiment.
- localisation.

A
  • conducted a study on rats.
  • to see how removal of 10% to 50% cortex would effect the process of learning.
  • put in a maze.
  • shows that all areas of brain were important.
  • animal study shows that brain function is holistic
  • HOWEVER.
  • rats are not human
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13
Q

Evidence from neurosurgery.
- localisation.

A
  • treat some extreme cases of mental illnesses by surgery.
  • OCD.
  • remove a part of the brain responsible for processing satisfaction.
  • 30% made a full recovery.
  • 14% partial recovery.
  • Shows that some mental processes are associated with certain areas of the brain so supports localisation.
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14
Q

Language localisation is questioned.
- Localisation

A
  • language is not just localised to wernick and brocha.
  • Recent study shows that only 3% of modern psychologist believe that language is localised.
  • Brain scan studies such using fMRI.
  • Language is more distributed holistically.
  • This is a contradictory research.
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15
Q

What is plasticity?

A
  • It’s the brains Ability to adapt and change and form new neural pathway as a result of learning through experience.
  • The brain with often delete the unused neurons and strengthen the most used ones.
  • ## There is a rapid growth in infancy however, it slows down
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16
Q

What is pruning?

A
  • The brains ability to delete old neural connections and strengthen most used ones.
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17
Q

What is functional recovery

A
  • The brains ability to Read, distribute or transfer function after a brain injury or damage.
  • Either through bridging or recruitment of homologous.
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18
Q

What is bridging?

A
  • It’s the process axonal sprouting in which the brain and unmasks, unused neurons and transferred a function to them of the damaged part
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19
Q

What is recruitment of homologous.

A
  • It’s when the other area of the brain would take the function of the damaged area and perform it.
  • Causes, sensitivity, denveration.
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20
Q

Where is the study of London taxi?

A
  • Research is that the London taxi driver’s brain; compared to a control group.
  • found that they had high grey matter in their posterior hippocampus which is associated with navigation.
  • positive correlation
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21
Q

What is the study about medical students?

A
  • Researcher studied médica students brain Using brain scans.
  • Before three months and after three months of their final exams
  • Found that there was a change in structure of the brain as a result of learning.
  • Support plasticity is due to new learning.
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22
Q

Negative plasticity.
- Plasticity

A
  • Plasticity could have a negative effect.
  • Research shows that adaptations to long-term drugs causes that poor cognition and higher chances to develop dementia.
  • Also people who have limb removal.
  • 60 to 80% of them experience, phantom limb syndrome.
  • In which they have unpleasant sensations where the limb.
  • Due to adaptations in the somtasensory.
  • Negative behavioural Consequence.
  • Plasticity is not always beneficial 
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23
Q

Age and plasticity.
- Plasticity

A
  • Plasticity might be a Lifelong adaptation.
  • Generally plasticity decreases with age.
  • However, recent studies shows.
    1. Our golf session increases plasticity in people age 40 to 60 years.
  • Because the brain is learning a new thing.
  • Meaning of people kept the brain active than the plasticity rate would increase therefore it’s gonna be a long life.
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24
Q

RWA.
- Functional recovery

A
  • Research into functional recovery helps medical fields such as neurorehabilitation.
  • Where physiotherapy is used for stroke patients who loses function in certain parts of their body.
  • Such therapies, including restrain functional, and with the functional arm is tied down, and patients are encouraged to use their non-functional arm.
  • Shows that the Non-functional and regains ability to function.
  • Shows the usefulness of functional recovery research and its help to the medical field.
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25
Q

Cognitive reverse.
- Functional recovery 

A
  • Functional recovery might be limited to people with higher education.
  • It’s been shown that people have 16 years of education have a higher chance of recovering from a stroke to those who Have 12 years of education .
  • Recovery rate was 10% for those with 12 years of education.
  • Therefore, functional recovery could not be used as a reliable method to help people recover from strokes.
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26
Q

What is hemispheric lateralisation?

A
  • It states that a each hemisphere controls specific function
  • RH and LH
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27
Q

Left hemisphere

A
  • Known as the analyser.
  • Controls language.
  • Controls motor function of the right side of the body.
  • Receives information from the right visual field.
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28
Q

Right hemisphere

A
  • Known as the synthesiser.
  • Gives emotional context to language.
  • Controls the motor function of the left side of the body.
  • Receives information from the left visual field
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29
Q

What is it called when the opposite hemisphere controls opposite side of the body?

A

Collateral

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30
Q

What is the structure that links the right hemisphere To the left hemisphere.


A
  • corpus Callsm
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31
Q

What was Sperry’s research.

A
  • Split brain research is a series of studies conducted on epilepsy patients who had surgical separation of the hemisphere by the removal of the corpus callosum.
  • used a tracistopic Which displays pictures are at different visual fields.
  • He found out:
  • When showing a picture on the left visual field patients can draw better with a left hand, then when showing a picture in the right visual field where they would draw bad using the right hand, which was the dominant hand.
  • If showing a picture in the left visual field, there was no description as they said there was no image. However If they are shown a picture in the right visual field, they would be able to describe.
  • However, when showing picture in the left visual field, they would be able to pick up the object that’s more associated with a picture then when showing when showing a picture in the right visual field
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32
Q

No link wirh personality.
- Hemispheric lateralisation

A
  • The theory that the right side of the brain is a synthesiser, while the left side of the brain is a analyser And that one side might dominate the other side might be wrong
  • A research done on 1000 people with different ages.
  • Where they scan the brains and found out there was no dominant side or differences that would lead to a personality difference.
  • Therefore,theory invalid.
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33
Q

Lateralisation in the connected brain.
- Hemispheric lateralisation.

A
  • research done on connected brains, using pet scans.
  • Where shown an image of the forest.
  • When asked To look at the wider image, the right side of the brain was more active.
  • When asked to look at the finer details, left side of the brain was more active.
  • Shows that there is lateralisation in the connective brain from scientific methods of studying.
  • Valid concept
34
Q

Research support.
- Hemispheric lateralisation Sperry’s research 

A
  • Sperry found that people with split brain perform better at some tasks and others.
  • When asked to Identify the odd object out, they performed better than those with a connected brain.
  • Shows that when not connected, the brain hemispheres function at full capability.
  • The right hemisphere would not waterdowb the left hemisphere anymore.
  • This supports the study
35
Q

Lack of control over confounding variables.
- Hemispheric lateralisation, Sperry research.

A
  • There is a lack of control over confounding variables.
  • Participants studied had epilepsy and often seizures.
  • These seizures could’ve affected other parts of the brain.
  • Therefore, researchers cannot pinpoint lateralisation using epilepsy patients.
  • Lack of generalisability to the wider public
36
Q

What are fMRI scans?

A

They use oxygen concentration in the brain to determine which part of the brain is more active during a task.
- Give 3-D image Which are used for localisation.

37
Q

Strength of using fMRI scans

A
  • High spatial resolution = Gives details to the millimetre and provides clear image of the brain.
  • It has no sides effects and its risk free, because it does not rely on radioactive rays such as PET scans, no risk.
38
Q

What are the limitations of using fMRI scans?

A
  • Low temporal resolution = There is a 3 to 5 seconds delay, which shows that it does not give us like the activity of the brain in the moment.
  • It’s expensive
39
Q

What are EGG

A
  • Is the study of activity of neurons using a cat that has electrons to measure brain waves.
40
Q

Strengths of using EGG

A
  • High temporal resolution = Shows the neural activity as soon as it happens no delays.
  • Used to diagnose disorders that are associated with random bursts of neuron activity, such as epilepsy and also use to study sleep stages.
41
Q

Weaknesses of using EGG

A
  • It gives general information as it does not specify where the neuron activity is in the brain. Therefore you can’t pinpoint which area of the brain is more active at a task.
42
Q

What is ERP?

A

Event related potentials uses data from EGG to pinpoint when you’re an active.
- Failing certain brainwaves with a certain cognitive function

43
Q

Strength of using ERP

A
  • Hi, temporal validity because he uses EGG data.
  • It’s more specific than EGG because it’s able to pinpoint where the neural activity is coming from By isolating it
    
44
Q

Weaknesses of ERP

A
  • It needs the complete elimination of extraneous variables such as noise which can be difficult.
  • There is a lack of standardisation because each EPR uses different methods of studying and different data, so it differs
45
Q

What is post moretum study

A

Using the brain of people with abnormal cognitive function Who are dead, and comparing it with a Neurotypical brain from a dead person

46
Q

Strength of using post-mortem studies

A
  • Establish the first psychological scientific evidence for functions of certain areas of the brain, such as language studies and cases like a HM
47
Q

Weaknesses of using post-mortem studies

A
  • People with abnormal cognitive functions, such as HM cannot give informed consent, because in the case of HM, he does not have a memory, so he will not remember himself giving consent, so it’s invalid and unethical.
  • It’s unreliable because we cannot establish that the alteration in the brain structure causes the abnormal function therefore cannot establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship
48
Q

What are biological rhythms?

A

Patterns of changes in body activity of a cyclical period of time.
- Influenced by the internal body clock, which are called indigenous, peacemakers and changes to the environment which are exogenous zeitgebers

49
Q

What are the three biological rhythms?

A
  • circadian rhythm.
  • ultradian rhythm.
  • Infradian rhythm
50
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A
  • Biological rhythm, which are subjected to a 24 hour cycle.
  • Body temperature and sleep, wake cycle.
51
Q

What is the sleep wake cycle controlled by.

A
  • It said that we have a 24 -25. S/W cycle Which is controlled by the bodies, internal body clock and daylight and other social cues.
  • controlled by the superchasmic nucleus which detects the amount of light and sends signals to the pinal gland for the release or suppression of melatonin.
  • jet lag proves there’s a free running body clock
52
Q

Siffer’s study.

A
  • He did a study on himself, where he stayed in a cave and deprive himself of natural light
  • He did to experiment in which policy found out that even with no external use his sleep, wake cycle maintained to a 24 hours, and 25 hours sleep wake cycle.
  • Supports that indigenous peacemakers are the ones controlling sleep, wake cycles 
53
Q

Bunker study.

A
  • A study on sleep, wake cycle.
  • Put people in a bunker, where he also deprive them of natural lights
  • Found that all of them had a 24 hour to 25 hours sleep cycle, but one person who had a 29 hour cycle
  • I was that Siffer’s study is reliable.
54
Q

Fockered research.

A
  • Aim was to reduce the sleep wake cycle clock to a 22 hour sleep, wake cycle.
  • He did this by shortening the time every day
  • He found out that only one person body clock changed while everyone else had the 24 hour to 25 hours, which shows that internal body clocks cannot be easily manipulated 
55
Q

Shift workers.
- circadian rhythms

A
  • Studies into circadian rhythm is given insight on the influences of a distributed sleep pattern.
  • Explains shift workers.
  • Lose concentration at 6 am As they tend to make more mistakes.
  • Also shaped workers who work nightshift or three times more likely to develop heart disease.
  • Research into circadian rhythm is gives economic implications about how to plan a healthy work time for people
56
Q

HOWEVER - Use of correlation.
- circadian rhythms

A
  • Studies about shift workers often use correlations, which does not equal causation.
  • Further more further research shows that there’s other factors that contribute to problems with shift working.
  • There is high rates of divorce for people with shifts, because they miss out on important events like family events.
  • This factors are not biological.
  • So studies into shift workers are not useful in terms of circadian rhythms
57
Q

Medical treatments.
- circadian rhythms

A
  • Research into circadian rhythms can help improve the medical field.
  • Findings of circadian rhythm is can be used to coordinate the time with biological processes with the time of giving medication to patients.
  • For example, aspirin is a device to be taken at night lasting because it’s more likely for heart attacks to happen in the morning because there is an increase of plalets production at night.
  • Furthermore, cancer treatments can be also coordinated to basic processes
  • This field is called Chrono therapeutics.
  • Shows that research into circadian rhythm is give real world impatiens to improve drug treatments.
58
Q

Individual differences.
- circadian rhythms.


A
  • The samples used in studies about sleep, wake cycle are very small.
  • Therefore, a generalisation is hard to make.
  • Can you search that use a bigger sample shows that there is a variation between 13 to 65 hours S/W cycle.
  • Some peoples function better at night, and some others function better at morning.
  • Latest studies by siffrr Has shown that his sleep wake cycle, slow down by age.
  • Findings from such research are meaningless
59
Q

What are infradian rhythms?

A
  • Biological rhythms that last longer than a day and are considered to be a monthly changes.
  • Menstrual cycle
  • SAD 
60
Q

What is the menstrual cycle controlled by

A
  • endogenous peacemakers like oestrogen progesterone, which controls the lining of the uterus and the breakdown of the lining of the uterus
61
Q

Research into the menstrual cycle

A
  • Synchronising cycles.
  • They looked at the influence of exogenous zeitgebers on menstrual cycles - Pheromones
  • 20 women with irregular periods were gathered.
  • A sample of nine women with different menstrual cycles were asked to wipe a cotton pad under the armpit and the family onto extracted and we are giving to the 20 Women on their lips.
  • 68% of the 20 women synchronised with the Pheromone donor.
62
Q

What is SAD?

A
  • Seasonal affective disorder is a disorder and categorised by DSM – 5 Where people become depressed in winter times due to the lack of flights and increase production of melatonin.
  • This depression often stops, and sometimes when there is a decrease of melatonin production
63
Q

Evolutionary basis.
- Infradian rhythm 

A
  • Some psychologists argue that minstrel cycle synchrony is the evolutionary adaptation used by ancestors.
  • Women would have synchronised menstrual cycle so that they would get pregnant at the same time.
  • In case any child loses their mother during or After childbirth would be able to receive breast milk.
  • This would increase their chance of survival.
  • However, other research found that women don’t actually synchronise their periods such as lesbian couples tend to not synchronise their periods so not true.
  • Furthermore, however, Some psychologists argue that synchrony of periods are not an adaptive function by ancestors, because it would mean that women would have to compete with the mail with the best rate, so they can pass the best geneon the children which is not a good adaptation
64
Q

Methodological limitations.
- Infradian rhythms.


A
  • There is a lack of control over confounding variables in the synchronising period study.
  • Install cycle could be affected and changed by several factors, including diet and stress which are not controlled in the study.
  • Therefore, the results of synchrony are down to chance.
  • When replicated by other researchers, this results are not the same, which means the study is not reliable
65
Q

Real world application.
- Infradian rhythms 

A
  • There is real world application for the treatment of SAD.
  • Lightbox therapy can be used to help people with SAD.
  • 80% of people who use lightbox therapy show a reduction of depression symptoms.
  • This option is much safer than using antidepressants, and overall is effective
66
Q

What is a ultradian rhythm?

A
  • Biological rhythm that takes less than a day to complete, and it may happen multiple times
67
Q

Examples of ultradian rhythms

A

Sleep stages

68
Q

What are the sleep stages

A
  • There are five stages, each have a 90 minute cycle that happened multiple times during sleep
69
Q

Stage one and 2 of the stages of sleep

A

Light sleep.
Alpha waves, which are short in amplitude and high in frequency.
- In stage two, there is an increase in amplitude only by small amounts.

70
Q

Stage three and four of stages of sleep

A
  • Deep sleep.
  • Delta waves, which are high and amplitude with less frequency
71
Q

Stage five of the five stages of sleep

A
  • Known as the R.E.M. which is rapid eye movement.
  • It’s when the body is paralysed, but the brain is active and it’s when dreams happen.
  • You get a theta waves 
72
Q

Improved understanding.
- ultradian

A
  • Improve the understanding on age related changes in the sleep cycle.
  • Research found that during sleep growth hormones are activated.
  • Explains that why old people have a different sleep cycle
73
Q

Individual differences.
- ultrdian.

A
  • There is a great variation between the duration of cycles of cycles of sleep, because it varies between one person another, especially in stage three and four.
  • Which come down to biological factors. Therefore the time normal sleep cycle is meaningless. 
74
Q

Sleep lap.
- ultrdian

A
  • Making participant sleep in a lab controls or extraneous variable variables, which allows Research is to make valid conclusions and draw clear cause-and-effect relationships however, making people sleep in a lab is a strange environment to them therefore they would not represent how they sleep in every day life because of destructions such as machines.
  • Therefore, it lacks mundane realism
75
Q

What is the superchasmic nucleus?

A

It’s a bundle of nerve cells that exist in each hemisphere connected to an optic chiasm and a penal gland.
- A indicates how much light is in the 

76
Q

What does a penal gland do?

A
  • Penal gland is responsible for the secretion and suppression of melatonin in response to light, which is an information given by the SCN
77
Q

Chipmunk studies

A
  • When study tested the effect of SCN On chipmunks S/W cycle. Where he remove the structure and release the chipmunks in back into the wild when most of them died because they were awake, and the sleep wake cycle is completely destroyed after a few days ..
  • Another research used a mutant chipmunks with a 20 hour sleep wake cycle and transplanted SCN Of the mutant chipmunks into normal chipmunks and found out that then chipmunk sleep, wake cycle, shifted to 20 hours 
78
Q

Exogenous zigbertgs

A

These include light and social cues

79
Q

Beyond the master clock

A
  • Research shows that it’s not necessary that when the SCN is destructed, the other body clocks would be as well.
  • For example.
  • circadian rhythms of rats feeding Do not affect SCN.
  • Research change feeding patterns of fats and found out that only circadian rhythms are affected and not SCN 
80
Q

Interactionist system 

A

It’s hard to separate Endo genus, peacemakers and exogenous Zeiter bags because they write together in safest study conditions like that are rare. Also, in that study, He used lights artificial light to reset his body clock, meaning that the separation of two would like validity 

81
Q

Environmental observations 

A

They don’t have the same effect on all environments, bring sample people who live in the arctic have a similar sleep, wake up cycle all year around, even though their environment changes every six months example in the winter there, would it be exposed to know light and in the summer they will be exposed to light all the time are they super cycles is maintained. Therefore it supports the idea of a internal fixed body clock that is not changed by an exogenous zerotberg 

82
Q

Case study

A

Case study on a younger man who was blind since he was a child had an abnormal circadian rhythm of 24.9 hours in which they tried to change that rhythm by changing social cues, such as food, They found it not effective to reset his bio clock 

Psychology (11 decks)

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