Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psychology > issues and debates > Flashcards

issues and debates Flashcards

3

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Psychology 101 flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards AP® Psychology flashcards
1
Q

what is gender bias?

A

one gender is treated less favourably than the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is culture relativism.

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

who drew distinction between diffrances in cultures.

A

berry

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is etic

A

looking at culture from the outside of the given culture; and stating those behaviour is universal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is an emic approach.

A

looking at behaviour from a function from inside a culture, and describing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is imposed etic

A

the studied behaviours from the inside of culture ad then apply their findings on other culture.
- assume what they found is universal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is Afrocentrism.

A

looking at behaviour from a African cultural standpoint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is eurocentrism

A

looking at behaviour from an European point of view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is indigenous centrism.

A

looking at behaviour from an indigenous cultural point.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an individulistic culture.

A

cultures like the US, who prioritise the self.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is collectivist cultures.

A

cultures like china who prioritise the group and community.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is ethnocentrism

A

the belief is one culture is better than the other and therefore behaviour should be studied from that cultures standpoint.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

EVALUATION - influincial studies have bias.

cultural bias.

limitation.

A
  • most influincial studies in psychology have cultural bias.
  • classical studies about social influance.
  • milgram and Asch.
  • Asch - collectvist cultures conform more.
  • Milgram - study replicated showed that people in australia obey less.
  • not genraliseable.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

modern psychologists are aware.

EVALUATION - not an issue anymore

cultural bias.

HOWEVER - strength.

A
  • media golbalisation makes cultural diffrances easy to spot.
  • makes researchers aware of the issue.
  • media globalisation means different cultures spread around and therefore most countires would have the same idealogies.
  • study between America and Japan found that 14 out 15 times there was no diffrance.
  • no individulistic vs collectvist cultures anymore.
  • not an issue in modern psychology.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

new field.

EVALUATION - cultural psychology.

cultural bias.

EVALUATION

A
  • due to the issues rised.
  • there is emargance of cultural psychology.
  • new field that avoids cultural bias and studies diffrances of behaviour in the context of culture.
  • focus on 1 or 2 cultures at once and not multiple like old attachement studies.
  • more precise and not genralisation.
  • modern psychology is aware of the rising issue and is avoiding it by the new filed.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IQ levels.

EVALUATION - ethnic stareotypes

cultural bias.

limitation.

A
  • old classical psyhcology have caused issues to people due to the generalisation of behaviour.
  • example is IQ tests; most IQ tests are based on other cultures.
  • US IQ test done on the past; was very specific to american culture.
  • assumed that people would know american presidants.
  • people not from the US like eastren europeans and african american’s sscored low on the test.
  • said to be genetically inferior.
  • lead to segreation and stareotypying.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is determinism 

A

Our actions are controlled by external and internal forces
- Hard determinism .
- soft determinism 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the types of determinism?

A

Biological = soft
psychic = hard
environmental = hard
science = hard

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is free will

A

I free will is the notion that we have control over our behaviour and acknowledges the fact that internal external forces could contribute I’ll be there however we are able to reject them.
- Humanistic approach 

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

+ psychology as a science
Determinism

A
  • A strength of determinism is that it helped establish psychology as a science, because it uses scientific methods, such as controlled lavatory studies, where cause and effect relationships can be established.
  • Uses methods that are similar to scientific methods.
  • moved psychology from a pseudoscience that is philosophical to science
  • high scientific credibility
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

However - free wikk is more appealing.
Determinism

A
  • Free will is more appealing than determinism, because it allows people to decide their own fate.
  • Determinism such as biological determinism prevents people from improving the lives, such as having the criminal team, which does not help people overcome what date in the future looks like also a interferes with the criminal system because it states that these people cannot control their actions.
  • although determinism has a role in the scientific side of psychology
  • low real world application.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Practical value.
- free will 

A
  • Free, Will has more practical value than determinism.
  • It could improve mental health.
  • I study between fatalism and adolescence shows that people who are external locus have lower mental health, compared to those with internal locus.
  • Shows that free will is better in society terms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Contradicting research that free will actually exist.
- free will 

A
  • Contradicting evidence using brain scans.
  • shows that free will does not exist because.
  • Participants were asked to flick a hand when they wanted to, however, twin, they are going to do it before doing it.
  • They use an MRI to measure the unconscious brain
  • The scans showed that the unconscious brain was milliseconds active before participants said that they were flick their hands.
  • Shows that internal forces is what actually controls our behaviour.
  • Free will is just a fake notion. 
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

HOWEVER- not an appropriate evidance.
- free will

A
  • This evidence is not appropriate to use to contradict free will
25
Q

What is reductionism?

A

It reduces behaviours into simple components to explain them in a simple terms through levels of explanations.
- highly controlled research

26
Q

What are the levels of explanations?

A

Neurochemistry, psychological physiological, physical and social

27
Q

What is biological reductionism?

A

Simplification of behaviour into neurochemistry, and James, using methods, such as twin studies to prove 

28
Q

What is environmental reductionism?

A
  • It states that the mind of the blanks late which develops with environmental learning through simple stimulus response links
  • They use lab studies
29
Q

What is Holism

A

Study as a person as a whole and explains their behaviour, considering all the factors through a indivisible system.
- Looks at individual experiences

30
Q

Example of Holism

A
  • Humanistic approach and client centred therapy
31
Q

Well controlled research.
- Reductionism 

A
  • Reductionism uses well controlled research which gives at high scientific credibility, because it uses last of use and reliable methods.
  • They operationalise variables and establish clear, cause-and-effect relationships like other sciences.
  • this gives any approach which that is reductionist a high scientific credibility
32
Q

Ignores other factors.
- Reductionism

A
  • Reductionist approach tend to ignore other factors that could influence behaviour and focus to one.
  • For example, the biological approach ignores the role of cognitive characteristics. There are involved in behaviour.
  • For example, biological explanations tend to explain how a behaviour is displayed and the cause of it.
  • However, they ignore the cognitive factor of what people think and why they displayed a behaviour which means that most of the time the findings are meaningless 
33
Q

Context.
- Reductionism 

A
  • Most reductionist approaches uses research that are only understood in the context of the research.
  • Such as Zimbardo’s research.
  • Findings cannot be generalised to every day personal life, because the research depends on a great behaviour.
  • this is unlike the holistic approach, which works on looking at a person as a whole and their individual experiences.
  • Therefore, there is a lack of external validity in such research 
34
Q

Lack of practical value.
- Holism

A
  • Holistic approach, do not use quantitative methods.
  • They are more focused on qualitative personalised methods.
  • This makes it Hard to generalise results to wider population and hard to put into use.
  • It also complicates things, because it does not state which factor influences of behaviour more.
  • Therefore, it’s not useful or practical
35
Q

What is the idiographic approach 

A
  • Focuses on studying behaviour in gaps without establishing a general laws.
  • Looks at a person individual experiences.
  • Uses qualitative methods such as the case studies.
  • Example of approaches is humanistic and psychodynamic.
  • It does not compare Findings to the wider group
36
Q

What is the nomothetic 

A

It looks at behaviour from a general perspective to try and establish general laws by studying a large group of people.
- Uses quantitated methods.
- Tries to establish general laws, so they can be used as a benchmark for comparison

37
Q

What did Kibroy state about the nomothetic

A
  • Establish principles = Laws that apply to humans.
  • Establish dimension = Which puts people on a continanum.
  • Classification = Placing people into groups 
38
Q

Both approaches fits with science.

A
  • Both approaches fit with science.
  • nomothetic Using scientific methods, such as lab studies and standard procedures to generate results and findings, which are similar to what science uses.
  • Ideographic Attempts to be objective through using methods, such as trgulstion.
  • Therefore, they both help psychology to be seen as a scientist and be established in the scientific world
39
Q

Idiographic Contributes to nomothetic 

A

It gives the nomothetic approach previous day out which are qualitative. Therefore there are details he allows for the generation of a hypothesis which can be used to to do further research the quantity related for example Case studies such as the case of HM contributed into later, research of memory, therefore the idiographic approach Has scientific credibility and helps in further psychological research 

40
Q

HOWEVER- idiographic Has a restrictive nature

A
  • Findings from studies cannot be generalised because they are personalised to a single person.
  • Furthermore, the qualitative data are based on interpretations of psychologists which are affected by research, a bias and or subjective.
  • Researchers such as Freud in the case of little Hans Interpreted fear of horses, as a few of Fathers, which is a subjective, interpretation and other psychologist could’ve interrupted little hans fear of horses as something else.
  • Therefore, it’s hard to establish reliable theories
41
Q

Nomothetic loses the person as a whole

A
  • It’s preoccupied by general laws, and trying to do research in controlled methods that it loses the personal experience of behaviour.
    For example schizophrenic people.
  • Research into schizophrenia, tell us the general experience and general causes of the disorder, however, not the personal experience in every day life with a disorder.
  • Therefore, such research with little qualitative information cannot be used to design therapy to aid those living with such disorders.
  • Therefore, idiographic approaches are a better as they provide more comprehensive information which could aid the treatment of people 
42
Q

What is nature?

A

States that our behaviour is caused by inheritance and genes.
- Uses twin studies.
- For example, it suggests that schizophrenia is caused by inheritance of genes.

43
Q

What is nurture 

A

It states that the group is a blank slate which is developed With experiences from the environment.
- States that schizophrenia is caused to communication styles such as double blind. 

44
Q

What is the interactionist approach?

A
  • It takes both nature and nurture into consideration.
  • For example, it explains that schizophrenia is caused by genetic vulnerability and environmental trigger.
  • study: Look at Children with illogical mothers who are schizophrenic and the type of family. They all got adopted into. There was a high correlation between those adopted in a bad family and schizophrenia Than those with a good family.
45
Q

What is heritability coefficient?

A

A scale from 0.1 to 1 Which shows the genetic affect.
- In twin studies across multiple studies, 0.5 was the coefficient 

46
Q

What is Epigenetics?

A

A change in our genetic activity without changing the Jasmine selves. It’s a process that is caused by the interaction with environment. 

47
Q

Adoption studies
Nature nurture debate 

A

Strengths into the nature and nurture debate is that he uses adoption studies
- They are useful because they separate competing influences of nature and nurture.
- Is adopted children are found to be similar to that adoptive parents suggest that the environment is a bigger influence. However, if they are more similar to their biological parents, then the genetic factors are presumed to be dominant.
- A meta analysis of adoption studies showed that genetic influences accounted for 41% of variance in aggression.
- This shows how researchers can separate the influence of nature and nurture 

48
Q

However, research suggests that this approach might be misguided
- Nature nurture debate 

A
  • Nature nature, and not to entities that can simply be separated.
  • People select the own nurture by actively selecting environments that are appropriate for their nature.
  • For example, aggressive, children are more likely to be friends with other aggressive children because they feel more comfortable with children of similar behaviours. Therefore it shows that they choose their own environment.
  • This is called niche picking
  • It means that it does not make sense to look at evidence of either nature or nurture separately 
49
Q

Reset support of Epigenetics

A
  • Research support shows how Epigenetics work.
  • The hunger Dutch study shows that women who were starved in World War II had children who are more likely to Have schizophrenia as a result of being low-birth-weight babies.
  • 2x.
  • This was compared to the mall typical population rate.
  • Shows how experience can leave marks on genes 
50
Q

ReWild application
- Nature nurture debate.

A
  • Has real world application.
  • OCD is a highly heritable mental disorder with a coefficient of 0.76.
  • This understanding Allowed for methods, such as genetic counselling to help people who have a chance of developing OCD
  • For example, they can be offered reassurance and techniques on how to prevent the likelihood of developing the disorder through managing anxiety and stress.
  • This shows that the debate is not just theoretical, but it also has a practical level to understand interactions between nature and nurture 
51
Q

Biological vs social explanations.
- gender bias.

A
  • gender differences are presented as fixed alpha bias when they are not.
  • reviewed studies that suggest that girls are better at verbal ability while boys are good at spatial ability.
  • hardwire and they are seen as facts.
  • however brains scans show that there are no difference.
  • comes to individual diffrances.
  • and the findhibgs from such research are popular because they fix existing stareotypes.
  • ## wary of accepting research findhibgs as bio facts.
52
Q

HOWEVER - does not mean that psychologist should avoid studying possible gender diffrances.

A
  • example that women are better at multi tasking has proven to be right.
  • biologically correct.
  • women brain benefit from forming better brain connections.
  • there are bio diffrances however they should not be exaggerated.
53
Q

Sexism in research.

A
  • gender bias promotes sexism.
  • women are under presented in uni departments.
  • psychological research are conducted by males.
  • put lower expectations on women which leads to significance of under performance.
  • they could also try and act more nicer to women and give hints due to the lower expectations.
  • shows that psychology research in institutions are prone to be gender bias
54
Q

Gender biased research

A
  • gender bias may not be published.
  • analysed 1000 articles relating to gender bias.
  • published over eight years.
  • research taht looks into gender bias is funded less therefore it less published .
  • it also published by less preistogous journals therefore less psychologist reads them.
  • compared to ethnic bias.
  • This suggests that gender bias in psychological research may not be taken seriously as other forms of biases.
55
Q

Gender biased research

A
  • gender bias may not be published.
  • analysed 1000 articles relating to gender bias.
  • published over eight years.
  • research taht looks into gender bias is funded less therefore it less published .
  • it also published by less preistogous journals therefore less psychologist reads them.
  • compared to ethnic bias.
  • This suggests that gender bias in psychological research may not be taken seriously as other forms of biases.
56
Q

Social sensitive research are beneficial.
- ethical implications.

A
  • useful sometimes.
  • example homosexuality was categoriesd as a sociopathic personality disorder in 1952.
  • removed in 1973.
  • because of Kinsy report
  • involved a questionnaire of 5000 men who were homosexual which were anonymous.
  • 6000 women.
  • concluded that this behaviour is just a normal sexual behaviour expression.
  • however at the time this research was highly controversial and outraged.
  • because no one talked about stuff like this.
  • however this helped homosexuality.
  • shows that sometimes researches should tackle socially sensitive issues.
57
Q

However social sensitive research could have bad implications.
- ethical implications

A
  • research into social sensitive issues could have negative consequence for the group being studied.
  • and could be even deliberated
  • example is research into the criminal gene
  • it has complications with the legal system.
  • also limites people wirh the criminal gene because it questions if they should be convicted before they commit the crime.
  • could not be held for any wrong doing.
  • a need for very careful consideration of the possible outcomes.
    And their consequences
58
Q

RWA- social sensitive research.
- ethical implications max

A
  • Certain people rely on socially sensato e research
  • such as policymakers.
  • the government looks at resrwafch into socially sensative issues to make social policies.
  • this could include children care.
  • base policies on scientific research rather than politics so they are fair.
  • UK there is the ONS which is indendent of the government.
  • responsible to collect data on the Uk social norms.
  • using psychological research L.
  • psychologists have an important role to play in providing high quality research on socially sendative research
59
Q

Poor research design.
- ethical implications

A
  • poor research designs lead to errors that if published to the public have a great impact.
  • Brut’s research
  • commited fraud when doing the 11+ system.
  • even after it has been declared.
  • still used in some parts of the UK.
  • therefore researchers who do socially sensative research nedd to be careful about methodology

Psychology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions