aggression

Question 1

what is the frustration aggression model

Answer 1

it is a social psychological explanation, that states that goals being blocked causes frustration which leads to aggression.

Question 2

what is a social psychological explanation.

Answer 2

when the environments interact with a person’s psychological characteristics.

Question 3

what are the two hypothesis about the frustration aggression model.

Answer 3

• the original hypothesis.
• the weapon effect.

Question 4

who made the original hypothesis of the frustration aggression model.

Answer 4

Dollard et al

Question 5

what does the original hypothesis of the frustration aggression model state.

Answer 5

• frustration leads to aggression when a goal is blocked due to external factors.
• the aggression acts as an innate drive that needs to be released to remove negative feelings - cathartic.
• the cause of the frustration is sometimes is abstract or not available therefore the aggression would be displaced to a less powerful and abstract target who is available.
• after the aggression is released the person is less likely to be aggressive again.

Question 6

who made the weapon hypothesis for the frustration - aggression

Answer 6

Berkowitz.

Question 7

what does the weapon hypothesis state - the frustration aggression model.

Answer 7

• states that frustration might not be enough to cause aggression.
• only prepares for aggression.
• can be activated by aggressive cues.

Question 8

research on the weapon effect - frustration aggression model.

Question 9

what is the limbic system

Answer 9

a subcortical structure that includes the hypothalamus and amygdala.
- linked in involvement of emotion regulation.

Question 10

what is the limbic explanation of aggression.

Answer 10

• high activity in the amygdala leads to aggression; because the amygdala responds to environment threats.

Question 11

research support for the limbic system explanation of aggression.

Answer 11

• Gospic et al.
• two conditions.
• measured activity of the amygdala before using fMRI.
• mild provocation.
• high activity in the amygdala = high aggression.
• gave benzodiazepine= reduces activity of the amygdala.
• shows less activity of amygdala = less aggression.

Question 12

what is the serotonin explanation of aggression - neural explanation.

Answer 12

• serotonin regulates the firing of the neurone in the orbitofrontal cortex.
• at normal levels of serotonin the firing of neurones are low and more controlled.
• at low levels of serotonin = more firing of neurone = less control.

Question 13

research on the frustration aggression model

Answer 13

procedure = jigsaw.
conditi

Question 14

How was social learning? Theory used explain aggression

Answer 14

• Explains How aggression is directly and indirectly learned.
• The direct learning is three doing aggression and receiving a positive reward for it which is operant conditioning.
• The indirect learning is through vicarious reinforcement.
• It is proven by Bandura’s boba doll study.
• It suggests that kids will imitate the role model and a person they identify with.
• And they learn through the mediational processes.
  

Question 15

What is self efficacy?

Answer 15

• The extent to which we believe our actions will Achieve desired goals.
• This grows with more positive at outcomes for aggression 

Question 16

Low external validity.
- Social learning theory for aggression 

Answer 16

• Low external validity in research supporting social learning theory as an explanation for aggression.
• They use highly controlled environment, which create the perfect conditions that do not exist in real life .
• For example, in vendors study, the doll could not retaliate the aggression .
• This means that the tasks used Black, mundane realism.
• Furthermore, the Bobo doll was meant to be here anyways.
• Therefore, the children were not behaving abnormally.
• The task used lacks internal validity. Therefore, the conclusions drawn from it is invalid. 

Question 17

Real world application.
- Social learning theory for aggression 

Answer 17

• It has real world application, because it could show children how to behave in a non-aggressive way.
• Through using vicarious reinforcement to prevent the development of aggressive behaviour.
• Giving opportunities for children to act in a non-aggressive way and rewarding them.
• Could work for behavioural therapies for children.
• It’s also useful for parents with aggressive children to stop them from being aggressive.
  -, practical value

Question 18

Research support.
- Social learning theory for aggression 

Answer 18

• Research support done on aggressive boys who are friends with other aggressive boys
• The boys mutually reinforced each other’s behaviours.
• They were age 9 to 12 years.
• They modelled aggression for each other and got a rewards from approval of the whole group.
• They all imitated each other because they identified with each other.
• This is predicted by SLT 

Question 19

However, research support does not explain proactive aggression.
- SLT for aggression 

Answer 19

• This study does not explain proactive aggression in the boys.
• When proactive aggression happened, the boys only observed, and do not imitate.
• This might be due to proactive aggression being unpredictable.
• This shows that SLT is not a full explanation for all types of aggression
  -Shows that it’s an incomplete explanation

Question 20

What is de-individualation?

Answer 20

• A psychological process of a person losing their identity and self-awareness in a group, which allows them to become aggressive.
• Le Bon.
• 

Question 21

What are the two types of social awareness?

Answer 21

Private social awareness and public social awareness

Question 22

What is private self-awareness?

Answer 22

• It focuses on our beliefs which is reduced in in a group setting because we focus on the outward behaviour of the group.
  

Question 23

What is public self-awareness?

Answer 23

• What people think about us, which is also reducing group settings because we are judged as a group

Question 24

What are the factors that increase the de-individualation

Answer 24

• Anonymity, which includes drugs, darkness.
• Shared responsibility, which equals less guilt 

Question 25

What is the research support on the individual of aggression?

Answer 25

• Research as students what they would do In private.
• And asked three different waiters to put it into categories. Who did not. Do you know the hypothesis.
• 229
• They found that 9% of answers web pro social behaviour.
• 36 were antisocial .
• ## 26 were criminal behaviour.

Question 26

What did Zimbardo say about the individualisation?

Answer 26

• Can you call that the Lucifer effect, and it’s caused by disinhibition and people become Irrational 

Question 27

Research support.
- de- Individual nation 

Answer 27

• Research, I looked at online rooms and found a high correlation with those who hide their identity and hostile messages.
• Implicated with self harm and suicide cases .
• It shows a link between aggressive behaviours and anonymity 

Question 28

However, the individual location does not Always lead to aggression.
- Deindividuation 

Answer 28

• The individual elation does not always lead to aggression like Zimbardo and other researchers suggested.
• Other research put people in a dark room, two conditions (independent groups)
• One group were placed in a dark room and told that they wouldn’t have to meet each other again.
• After a little while, they stopped talking and started to show affectionate and intimate behaviour.
• The other group who were told that they would have to meet each other show the significant lower intimate behaviour such as Kissing.
• It shows that the individual nation does not always looked aggression like predicted by the theories 

Question 29

Real world application
- D. Individualisation. 

Answer 29

• There’s real world application, because it could explain why baiting crowds happen.
• 21 cases in USA, suicide group crowds, who encouraged people to jump when they were going to jump.
• Often found in darkness, large groups and the jumper was high enough So they wouldn’t see the group.
• It shows that an increasing unanimity could lead to group aggression, and the theory is valid 

Question 30

Research support
- frustration aggression model.

Answer 30

• research support for key concepts in the model.
• meta analysis of 49 studies of displaced aggression.
• where aggression was directed towards a human target that did not cause the aggression.
• conclusion is that aggression is a reliable phenomenon.
• fustrated participants where unable to retaliate thoes who made them angry.
• lead them to be aggressive against an innocent party.
• frustration could lead to aggression against a weaker more available person.

Question 31

Role of catharsis.
- frustration aggression model

Answer 31

• aggression might not be cathartic.
• bushman.
• found that people who vented their frustration onto a punching bag where more aggressive than thoes who didn’t.
• doing nothing was most effective.
• does not work even for people who believe in it.
• suggested that people who feel better after venting tend to be more aggressive.
• central assumption is invalid.

Question 32

Frustration aggression link is too complex.
- frustration aggression model.

Answer 32

• research shows that frustration does not always lead to aggression.
• there’s no direct automatic link.
• people who are fustrated can express it in other ways such as being helpless or being determined.
• aggression could also be caused by other factors such as to get something, not always due to frustration.
• this suggests that frustration aggression model is indadquat.
• only explains how aggression is raised in some situations only.

Question 33

HOWEVER - there’s a reformation of the model which includes the other factors.
- frustration aggression model.

Answer 33

• reformed model into the negative effect.
• to take into account the other factors.
• which includes frustration and other factors.
• states that aggression is triggered by negative feelings in general and not just frustration.
• therefore frustration can form a part of a wider explain of things that aggression.

Question 34

What is the ethnological explanation?

Answer 34

An explanation that explains animals and humans behaviour by observing the innate behaviours that adaptive.

Question 35

How is aggression adaptive in the ethological explanation.

Answer 35

• aggression is beneficial for the whole species.
• because it’s rare that the defeated animal would be killed.
• often drafted animal would often be caused to extablish teratorty else where.
• causing a spread of species into more places.
• would try and seek other resources.
• less compitoon.
• higher survival rate.
• boys study: boys who display aggressive behaviour climb the dominance hierarchy to establish themselves and it’s important for thier development.

Question 36

What is ritualistic aggression

Answer 36

• a series of behaviours that are carried in set order.
• Lorenz observed that fights between species would not often result in severe injury.
• because it would harm the whole species as there will be less of them.
• ritualistic aggression works on conferentation,

Question 37

What is innate releasing mechanism.

Answer 37

Is an inbuilt psychological structure in the brain that is triggered by an environmental stimulus trigger it.
- causes the release of fixed action patterns that are in response of the stimulus.

Question 38

What are the six main features of fixed pattern actions.

Answer 38

Stareotyped, universal, not effected by learning, ballistic, singles purpose, response to identifiable stimulus.

Question 39

Tibergen research.

Answer 39

Procedure using stickleback fish that débalos red dot on their belly during mating season and becomes aggressive.
- if another male enters their territory.
- used diff shapes with red dot and all got attacked.
- no red spot = no aggression.
- found that the FAP’s were unchanged from all encounters

Question 40

Research support.
- ethnological explaination.

Answer 40

• lots of research that suggest that aggression is innate genetic.
• such as the MAOM-L study.
• twin studies and adoption studies such as the family study with people who have high aggression.
• all these studies show that aggression is due to a genetic adaptive factor.
• ethnological explaination is valid

Question 41

HOWEVER - aggressive behaviour differ from one cultural.
- ethnological epxlaintipns

Answer 41

• researcher found that cultural values influance culture more even in the same country.
• high rate of homocide which id proactive aggression is in the southern states compared to the northern states in the USA.
• this was due to the culture of honour which is more prominent in the south compared to the north.
• this study was done on white men.
• this shows that cultural values and norms could override the ethnological epxlaontipn and that the social environment is more important when it comes to aggression

Question 42

Ritualistic aggression is not just ritualistic to the same member of the species
- ehtolgocal epxlaontipn.

Answer 42

• research on a 4 year war of chimps with other group.
• they killed one group systematically.
• would often hold the chimp from the rival group and repeatedly hit it until an appeasement sign was shown on which then would be killed.
• the appeasement sign is not what triggered the aggressive behavior like the ethnological approach predicted.
• therefore it’s limited explaination.

Question 43

FAP is not fixed.
- ethnological explaination.

Answer 43

• outdated view.
• hunt pointed out that FAP are influenced by environmental factors and learning experiences.
• an aggressive fap is typically made from serval behaviours each lasting different times for each individual which’s shows that it’s not universal.
• even if the same encounter it could be changed because it improved through learning form experience
• model behaviour pattern replaced it.
• more flexible that Lorenz thoight.