attachment Flashcards
1 (95 cards)
1
Q
what was the percentage of babies who attached to father as primary caregiver found by Shaffer.
A
3%
2
Q
what was the percentage of babies who had joined attachment to mother and father.
A
27%
3
Q
what did Grossman said the role of the father was?
A
to play and stimulate.
4
Q
how did Grossman investigate the role of the father
A
did a longitudinal study where he studied interactions between babies and their mother and fathers.
5
Q
what was Grossman’s findings.
A
- father only as secondary caregiver.
- father attachment effects quality of attachment in adolescents.
- mother attachment effected the ability to form attachment.
- father’s role is not as important as mother’s.
6
Q
how did field study the role of the father.
A
through recorded observations where he measured the amount of interactions between three study group.
- group 1: father as primary caregiver.
- group 2: father as secondary caregiver.
- group 3: mothers as primary caregiver.
7
Q
findings of field study about role of the father.
A
fathers can adapt and take the role of the mother by responding to their needs.
8
Q
advice to new parents.
EVALUATION -real world application
role of the father.
strength
A
- advice to new parents.
- how to balance work life and parenthood.
*
9
Q
what is caregiver infant interaction?
A
10
Q
What is interactional synchrony
A
When caregiver and child mirror their actions in a synchronised way
11
Q
What id attachment
A
A two way emotional bond
12
Q
What is reciprocity
A
When caregiver and child respond to each other’s signals
13
Q
Maltzofe and Moore study procedure
A
- observed caregiver and infant interactions.
- recorded observation.
- primary caregiver
14
Q
Findings of maltzofe and Moore study
A
High interactions = better attachment
15
Q
EVALUATION - unclear procdure
- caregiver and infant interactions
A
- babies are mostly immobile.
- hard to interpret behaviour displayed.
- Could be releasing gas and not responding to caregiver signal.
- unclear cause.
- invalid study
16
Q
EVALUATION - high internal validity
- infant caregiver interaction
A
- recorded observation.
- can rewatch.
- two observers = inter rater realisability
- babies do not know Rudy are being observed so less nervous and more natural behaviour.
- control over observer effect and less demand characteristics.
- establish clear cause and effect t relationship
17
Q
EVALUATION- does not explain Development importance
A
- Research tells us about the interactions between infants and caregiver and the types.
- Does not tell us its importance or role in development .
- It cannot be used in application, therefore it’s not useful 
18
Q
EVALUATION- however later research
Infant caregiver interaction
A
- However, little research has been made
- On the caregiver infant interaction
- shows that reciprocity Picture attachment 
19
Q
Who found the stages of attachment
A
Schaffer and Emerson
20
Q
Schaffer and Emerson study procedure
A
- 60 babies from Glasgow From the lower class
- Asked mothers to keep a diary about children.
- Mother would record behaviours such a as stranger anxiety.
- Researchers have visited babies every month for 12 months and then once more at 18 months
21
Q
What are the four stages of attachment?
A
1 asocial stage
2 Indiscriminate attachment
3- Specific attachment
4- Multiple attachments
22
Q
What is asocial stage of attachment
A
Babies can’t tell the difference between objects in humans.
- Basis of later attachment
- 0 - 3 weeks
23
Q
What is indiscriminate attachment?
A
Prefer human company and would accept comfort from anyone.
- 3 weeks to 7 months 
24
Q
What is specific attachment
A
This is Wendy from primary caregivers and would only accept comfort from primary caregiver and start to experience strange anxiety and Separation anxiety.
- 7 moths upwards
25
What is multiple attachment?
Baby start to form multiple attachments, however, still prefer primary caregiver.
12 months upwards
26
EVALUATION - Hi external validity
Stages attachment 
- High external validity.
- Recorded observation in natural setting.
- Eliminated, observer, bias, or observer effect by not being there, so allowing the babies to act as natural as. - Behaviour displayed is true 
27
EVALUATION- low internal validity.
Stages of attachment
- low internal validity.
- Use of self report method.
- Mothers, could’ve missed an observation or lied for social desirability.
- Observation given by the diary might not be true.
- Cannot make valid conclusions from the research.
28
EVALUATION - Low research on asocial stage.
Attachment stages
- low research on asocial stage.
- Could be more complex.
- Babies lack coordination at that age therefore research is lacking.
- For example, if baby is having anxiety there was not display it in a proper way.
- Due to the flawed method
29
RWA.
Stages of attachment
- Real world application.
- Stages of attachment can be used to design daycare plans.
- For example, babies can start daycare at indiscriminate age so that they can get used to the person.
- Helps parents make the transition easier.
- stages attachment are useful 
30
Unclarity about the role of the Father.
- Role of the Father.
- The question being asked is too complex to be answered.
- to attempt to answer the questions, researchers often take it in two separate contexts.
- Some studies do the role of the father as a primary caregiver and some do it as a secondary caregiver and they both have different roles.
- Question remain and answered and conflicting 
31
There is conflicting evidence.
- role of the father.
- Longitudinal studies show that having a father is important for stimulation role.
- It says that it will impact the quality of later attachment in adolescence.
- This makes us expect that lesbian, households and single mother households children would act differently .
- research has been found that they do not act differently.
- Therefore, the question still remains unanswered
32
HOWEVER - Adaptations.
- role of the father. 
- The question is answered.
- Lesbian, households and single mother households can adapt their parental techniques to match that of a role of the father .
- By stimulating the child.
- Therefore, the theory of the role of the Father is true
33
Why are animal research used?
For ethical or practical reasons
34
Procedure of Lorenze’s animal research
- Separated a clutch of geese eggs.
- Kept half with the mother, the other half with him.
- The half with the mother acted as a control group.
- The half with Lorenz acted as experimental group.
- Waited for egg to hatch to see him as the first moving object.
- Put all the geese in a box and so if they go with a mother or go with him
35
Findings of Lorenz’a study
the geese were imprinted on lorenz.
- when put in a box lorenz's hakf follwed him.
- with the mother followed the mother.
36
what is imprinting
when birds follow the first moving object.
- attach
37
what is sexual imprinting.
when animals imprint on the first moving object they tend to display sexual behaviour towards anything that loos like that object.
38
what is the procedure of Harlow's monkeys
used monkeys that were separated from the mother.
- gave them a cloth mother and a food mother.
- had to pick.
- another variant is that he scared the monkeys and watched towards where they go
39
what is the findings of Harlow's monkey experiment.
- all monkeys picked the cloth mother because it provided comfort.
- all had long term damage = lacked social skills and would often abuse their children when they had any = shows the effects of maternal deprivation.
40
EVALUATION - more complex in humans.
- animal studies.
- can not generalise findings of Lorenz's study.
- because humans and mammals in general are more complex than birds.
- there is a more deep emotional factor in attachment.
- can not be explained using birds.
- lack application on humans and mammals.
41
Evaluation - research support on the idea of imprinting.
- animal research.
- research support on Lorenz idea of imprinting.
- research put chicks in front of different basic shapes.
- when they hatched.
- saw the shape as the first moving object.
- put all the chicks in one place, and then put them in front of all the shapes.
- if the chick saw a circle they would go towards a circle.
- shows validity of theory.
- research support on sexual imprinting.
- the peacock with the turtle.
42
RWA.
- animal research of attachment.
- research on animals can help make zoo's a better place for animals.
- example is Harlow's research on monkeys show the long term effect of maternal deprivation.
- therefore zoo's can now ensure to not separate the mother from the child.
- shows usefulness of animal research.
43
can't not generalise and ethical issues.
- animal research into attachment
- there are ethical issues to using monkeys, because we use them because they are similar to humans.
- therefore would feel the same as humans; it's unethical.
- however; even though it's unethical; monkeys and humans are very different.
- humans have more intelligence and do no operate on an instinct principle.
- therefore can not make assumpssion that we all the same.
- can not generalise.
44
what is the learning theory .
states that babies attach to mothers because they are a source of food.
- cupboard love theory.
- attachment is secondary drive, and the food is the primary drive.
- it is an innate process.
45
classical conditioning - learning theory
- the food acts as unconditional stimulus for the child.
- the mother is a neutral stimulus.
- child makes association between mother and food.
- mother becomes conditional stimulus.
- and the babies attachment is a conditional response.
46
who came up with the cupboard love theory.
Dollared and Kialer.
47
operant conditioning - learning theory of attachment.
- the attachment is maintained by operant conditioning.
- positive reinforcement for child = crying gives food = therefore a child would cry to gain a positive reward.
- negative reinforcement for the parents. = the crying act as a negative consequence therefore the parents would give food to avoid the negative consequence.
48
contradicting animal research.
- learning theory.
- animal research give evidence against the learning theory of attachment.
- Harlow's monkeys.
- preferred cloth mother over food.
- shows that comfort is more important.
- more than a biological drive and more emotional.
- Lorenz study as well is against the learning theory.
- because it shows that animals imprint on the first moving object and it has no relation with food.
- show that theory is invalid.
49
counter evidence from human research.
- learning theory of attachment.
- Shaffer and Emerson study.
- shows that there is an attachment to mothers regardless of feeding.
- the mothers do not have to feed.
- is about the time spent with the baby.
- later research show that better attachment is due to high interactional synchrony.
- no food relations.
- show that there are other factors that contribute to attachment.
50
conditioning might happen.
- learning theory of attachment.
- research shows that there is some conditioning going on.
- not with food but with warmth and comfort.
- child associates adult with warmth and safety.
- allows the formation of specific attachment.
- shows that theory is useful to understand that aspect of attachment.
51
HOWEVER - babies are not passive in attachment.
- learning theory of attachment.
- the theory state that the parent is who does all the work for the attachment.
- babies are passive.
- not true.
- babies have an active role in attachment.
- have social releasers to gain attention from adults.
- shows that theory is invalid and incomplete.
52
what is monotropic theory.
states that attachment happens with one parent only.
- usually the mother but does not have to be.
- the mother and child are wired to be attached.
53
who made the monotropic theory.
Bowlby.
54
what are the two laws that Bowlby
- the law of continuity = the more time spent with the child the more attachment.
- the law of accumulated separation= when mother is separated from child, it adds up.
55
what are social releasers.
cute behaviours to attract adults.
56
what is the critical period.
the period where attachment has to be formed to avoid long term issues.
- 2 years.
57
what is the internal working model.
early attachment would effect future relationships.
- it would also effect the person's future ability of being a parent.
58
lacks validity.
- monotropy theory.
- contradicting research.
- shaffer and emrosn's research.
- some children formed multiple attachments at the same time.
- first attachment has no effect on forming multiple attachments.
- questions validity of monotropic theory.
- Bowlby is wrong about about the importance of first attachment.
59
research support for social releasers.
- monotropy theory.
- support for social releasers.
- research of mothers and children.
- asked parents to respond to babies social releasers.
- then asked them to no respond.
- babies became distressed and some stayed motionless.
- shows effect of not responding the to babies social releasers and it's importance.
60
research support for internal working model.
- types of attachment.
- assed attachment of 90 mothers.
- asses attachment of mothers with their own mothers.
- then assed attachment of mothers with children.
- those with low attachment with their own mother had lower attachment to their children.
- shows the effect of early attachment on parenting ability.
- predicted by the internal working model.
- shows validity of the theory.
61
HOWEVER - other factors could effect attachment.
- monotropic theory.
- the internal working model ignores other factors that could influence attachment with children.
- biological factors.
- parental differences.
- culture and social skills.
- questions validity o the importance of the internal working model.
62
what is ainsworth strange situation
a study conducted to study the different types of attachment.
63
what behaviours did the strange situations look for
- proximity seeking.
- secure base.
- separation anxiety.
- Stanger anxiety.
- response to reunion.
64
procedure of the strange situations.
- 7 situations.
- each last 3 minutes.
65
what are the three types of attachment that strange situation found.
- secure base.
- insecure resistance.
- insecure avoidant.
66
what is the type B of attachment.
secure base.
- when a child shows mild stranger and separation anxiety, and happy at reunion.
- 60 - 75% of Britain's kids.
67
what is type C of attachment.
insecure resistance.
- shows high separator and strangers anxiety.
- resist comfort.
68
what is type A of attachment
insecure avoidant.
- no separation or stranger anxiety.
- do not like reunion.
- does not seek proximity.
69
limited application culturally.
- strange situation.
- uses US culture to asses attachment.
- only individualistic cultures.
- collectivist cultures encourage to meet other people by having the wider family involved with the child.
= would show low stranger anxiety.
- culturally bound.
- japan encourages children to be more independent therefore would not seek proximity often.
70
good predictive validity.
- strange situations.
- is good at predicting the effect of attachment type on children's future.
- study.
- shows secure base children are more likely to be good at school and gain more rewards.
- less involved in bullying.
- good mental health as adults.
- compared to other types.
- shows that the strange situation measured something meaningful.
71
HOWEVER - genetic influence.
- strange situation.
- ignores genetic factors.
- genetic anxiety could explain why certain babies show high anxiety.
- not the attachment type.
72
good internal reliability.
- strange situation.
- controlled lab experiment.
- two way mirror so eliminates observer effect.
- babies are less likely to change their behaviour.
- agreement between observers 94%
- high internal reliability.
- high inter rater reliability.
73
what is cultural variations of attachment.
using the strange situation to asses attachment of other cultures.
74
procedure of cultural variations of attachment.
meta analysis of 32 studies.
75
findings of cultural variations of attachment.
- most common type is type B in all countries.
- in the UK type B is 75%, while in China it's 50%.
- collectivist cultures had higher rates of type C attachment. 25% compared to the UK where it is 14%.
- found that here was higher variation of attachment types within countries rather between countries = like the USA
76
did not measure cultures correctly.
- cultural variations of attchment.
- there are multiple cultures within one country.
- study made a generalisation of attachment about all countries within of a country.
- low internal validity.
77
imposed etic.
- cultural attachments.
- measured attachment of other cultures using a procedure made based on individualistic cultures.
- shows invalid results.
- different views on how to raise children.
- low internal validity.
78
what is maternal deprivations
prolonged intellectual and emotional consequences from separation of mothers without a substitute.
79
what is deprivation.
when a child loses emotional care from caregiver.
80
effects of deprivation.
- low iq.
- low emotional intelligence.
- affectionless psychopathy.
81
what is the 44 thieves study.
- done by bowlby.
- studied 44 thieves that were accused of theft.
- interviewed child and parent.
82
findings of 44 thieves study.
- found that 14 out of 44 were affectionless psychopaths.
- 12 out 14 experienced long separation from caregiver.
83
research bias.
- maternal deprivation.
- bowlby did the interviews himself.
- could have used leading questions.
- looked for the results he expected.
- low quality research.
- other evidence were equally flawed.
- the study about the orphan kids.
- was in WW2 had trauma.
- can not control confounding variables
84
HOWEVER - animal research.
- maternal deprivations.
- rat research.
- separated rats from mothers.
- rats had low iq which was measured by their ability to go through a maze.
- shows the effect.
- however animals are not humans.
- can not generalise
85
low validity of critical period.
- maternal deprivation.
- study shows that aftercare of child could help them recover.
- not long terms like theory suggest.
- not predicted by bowlby.
86
deprivation vs privation.
measured privation and deprivation.
- low internal valdity.
87
who did the Romanian orphan studies.
Rotter
88
what is the Romanian orphan study.
- studied 165 children that were orphans.
- English Romanian study.
- effects on initialisation.
- after care of deprivation.
- longitudinal study.
89
findings of Rutter's study.
- children adopted after:
- 2 years = IQ of 77.
- before 6 months = IQ of 102.
- after 6 months = IQ of 86
- after 6 months had disinhibited attachment.
90
what is disinhibited attachment.
when child experiences low stranger anxiety and attaches to anyone.
- as an adaptation.
91
what is Zehna's research.
- BEI - early intervention.
- 95 Romanian children.
- aged 12 - 30 months.
- studied children who spent 90% of their lives in institutions.
- compared to control group.
92
findings of Zehna's study
- 19% of children were securely attached compared to 70% of control group.
- 44% had disinhibited attachment compared to 20% in control.
93
lack of control over confounding variables.
- effects of initialisation.
- the institutions were poorly made
- children were starved and abused.
- had traumatic events.
- explains their low IQ and low emotional intelligence.
- not due to attachment but due to abuse.
- lack of control over confounding variables = low internal validity.
94
RWA.
- effects on initialisation.
- could use study to improve orphanages.
- assign one social worker to 3 or 4 children.
- to avoid attachment issues.
- useful
95
lack of adult data.
- effects of initialisation.
studied children till their mid 20.
no effect studied on adult life.
parental hood, or any other adult activates.
